英语原文共 22 页， 中国城市和农村老年人的家庭规模和养老行为：当前的效果和未来的影响 扎卡里·齐默尔（Zachary Zimmer）和朱莉娅·ONG（JULIA WANONG） 中国年龄结构的变化正在引起人们的关注，即家庭人数的减少是否会破坏传统的老年人支持机制。 随着子女数量的减少，子孙后代可能会减少支持。 在本文中，研究了农村人口和城市人口中子女数量与获得工具和财政支持之间的关系。 概率被建模为双变量概率。系数用于进行模拟，其中对子女数量的假设分布进行了检查。结果表明，子女的数量是支持的重要决定因素，但是未来支持的减少可能不会像预期的那样剧烈。 在过去的几十年中，由于生育率的急剧下降，中国的老年人口比例和人口数量将迅速增长。19世纪50年代初的总生育率高达7.5，但近年来已降至替代水平以下，最

英语原文共 15 页， 银杏叶精油的抗菌作用方式: 对形态和膜通透性的影响 摘要 本研究旨在评价银杏叶精油对食源性病原菌的抗菌作用方式。气相色谱和质谱分析测定了34种不同的化合物，占总油量的95.4% 。银杏叶精油（1,000 micro;g /盘）具有潜在的抗菌效果，抑制区域的直径为（12.0plusmn;0.4~18.0plusmn;1.2 mm），最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度范围为250—1,000 micro;g / mL。银杏叶挥发油对病原菌的细胞活力具有潜在的抑制作用。 用银杏叶挥发油进行扫描电镜分析，发现病原菌的细胞壁有明显的形态变化。细胞外 ATP 的释放、260nm 吸收材料的增加以及钾离子对食源性病原菌的渗漏增加都证实了这种油脂对膜完整性的作用方式。 引言 食用受食源性病原菌污染的食物所导致的疾病是公共健康的一个优先关注的问题(Kordali et al. ，2005)。各种合成

英语原文共 6 页， 简报:对在急性发热期使用实时PCR检测恙虫病东方体和立克次体的前瞻性评估 Wanitda Watthanaworawit,* Paul Turner, Claudia Turner, Ampai Tanganuchitcharnchai, Allen L. Richards, Kevin M. Bourzac, Stuart D. Blacksell, and Franccedil;ois Nosten Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand; Mahidol University-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Naval Medical Research Center, Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Silver Spring, Maryland; BioFire Diagnostics Incorporated, Salt Lake City, Utah 摘要 本文对180例发热病人进行了恙虫病东方体和立克次体的荧光实时PCR检测来诊断立克次体感染。通过血清免疫学检测，3.9% (7/180)和6.1%(11/180)的患者分别确诊恙虫病和鼠型斑疹伤寒�

The Law Public Opinion and the Presidentrsquo;s Use of Executive Orders: The Long-Run Impact of Unilateral Powers, 1953–2012 DREW NOBLE LANIER and BRETT MICHAEL JONES The U.S. president may act unilaterally in issuing executive orders within the officersquo;s inherent powers. To date, no cross-time study has explored the relationship of his doing so with subsequent observed approval ratings. We do so here and estimate the relationship between the presidentrsquo;s issuing of executive orders and subsequent job approval ratings at the aggregate level. While structural factors continue to explain long-run approval rates, the presidentrsquo;s use of unilateral powers also is associated through time with those rates, even when controlling for external factors such as wars and scandals. Thus, while some researchers may suspect that executive orders may undermine long-term confidence in the institution of the presidency, we find that such uses of unilateral power may conditio

Creating a Favorable Tax Environment for Small Business 【美】Michael Engelschalk International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business，Vol.28，No.2-3，2016 Abstract The paper first discusses the growth of the SME sector in the region and its impact on tax policy and tax administration. It then describes approaches chosen by different countries in the region to reduce the tax burden and compliance costs for SMEs. The paper looks at policy changes in Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, and Albania and analyzes their motives and impact. In the final section the paper shows that, despite the often very generous tax reductions offered by simplified regimes, these regimes have not significantly altered the tax behavior of SME operators. Keywords: tax, tax environment, SME, Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, Albania 1.0 Small business development and compliance One of the core elements of the transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe and the count

Professional and Occupational Licensing：Standard of Conduct for Administrative License Revocation 【美】Marc H. Monheimer California Law Review, Vol. 44, No. 2,2007 California has three types of statutes dealing with suspension or revocation of professional and occupational licenses. The statutes variously provide that a license may be revoked for: (1) commission of specific acts which are declared to be unprofessional conduct; (2) conviction of a felony or crime involving moral turpitude;(3) behavior which is grossly immoral or grossly negligent. Statutes of the first type are, by the nature of the specific acts prohibited, limited to a particular profession; and where a licensee has been prosecuted for a crime involving those acts, acquittal or dismissal is not a bar to a subsequent administrative action to revoke the license for unprofessional conduct. The revocation may be based on the same facts that prompted the unsuccessful criminal prosecution, provided

英语原文共 5 页， Analysis of the incentive plight of the township civil servant As we all know, the township government is the most basic governmental organizations of Chinese central - Province - City - County - township (town) five system of government, township civil servant is the most basic of our civil servants. According to the 2010 sixth national population census data, the rural population still accounts for 50.32% of Chinarsquo;s total population, while the most of the work of township civil servants is directly facing the rural areas and farmers, which shows the township civil service is the foundation of Chinarsquo;s administrative system. Motivation is a core element of human resource management, for the township civil servants, improve and perfect the incentive mechanism will help civil servants to achieve greater performance at work, increase enthusiasm and creativity of civil servants, tap civil servantsrsquo;s full work potential, which

英语原文共 26 页， 政策执行发生了什么？ 另一种方法 （丹佛，科罗拉多大学：彼得·德隆和琳达·德隆） 摘要：政策分析师最早讨论的话题之一是公共政策执行。从杰弗瑞·普莱斯曼和亚伦·威尔达夫斯克的开创性工作开始，在过去的三十年里，政策执行已经从一个基本上被忽视的兴趣发展到政策分析增长行业。然而，尽管有大量的书籍和文章涉及执行问题，但有些人认为，由于它与广义政策执行理论之间存在着问题，因此导致了知识上的死胡同。在本文中，我们考察了三代政策执行理论研究，强调其基本依赖于命令（即自上而下）导向，并且我们认为，一个强调更民主（即自下而上）方法的替代框架将是一个更有成效的研究路线。 大约五十年前，Harold Lasswell（1956）提出了政策科学的概念及其对政策过程方法的运用。�

英语原文共 22 页， 解释合作:资源如何相互依赖，目标如何一致，信任如何影响政策上的联合行动实现 马丁·必 乌普萨拉大学 摘要 当要执行政治决策时，一个长期存在的问题是如何决策有关部门一起工作。以往的研究表明，资源相互依赖、目标明确一致性和相互信任增加了组织间的合作。在本文中，它是认为还必须考虑相互作用的影响，以充分了解如何这些变量影响合作。这项研究基于203对瑞典公众2003年就业服务办公室和市政当局。我认为相互信任是必要的如果目标一致是为了增加这些机构之间的合作。此外,相互只有当组织有相似的目标时，信任才会产生积极的影响。然而，信任不是资源的相互依赖需要影响合作，而信任的作用则不需要取决于组织的相互依赖性。结果表明信任和目标一致性必须同时存在，以促进联合

英语原文共 27 页， 工业共生：文献与分类 Marian R. Chertow Director, Industrial Environmental Management Program, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511; e-mail: marian.chertow@yale.edu 摘要：工业共生作为工业生态学新兴领域的一部分，要求我们坚决关注物质和能源在地方和区域经济中的流动。工业共生是指传统上独立的产业，通过物质、能源、水和/或副产品等交换方式，共同获得竞争优势。工业共生的关键是协作和地理邻近所提供的协同可能性。本文回顾了小型工业共生的文献和一些先例，以及生态工业园作为工业共生概念的具体实现的早期努力。对项目的审查是围绕着五种不同的材料交换类型的分类来组织的。投入产出匹配、利益相关者流程和材料预算似乎是推动生态工业园区发展的有用工具。研究发�