Changing roles of the clients,architects and contractors through BIM Rizal Sebastian TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes. Design/methodology/approach – Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Through several real cases, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. Findings – One of the

The construction project cost control 1 Introduction Project is a corporate image window and effectiveness of the source. With increasingly fierce market competition, the quality of work and the construction of civilizations rising material prices fluctuations. Uncertainties and other factors, make the project operational in a relatively tough environment. So the cost of control is through the building of the project since the bidding phase of acceptance until the completion of the entire process, It is a comprehensive enterprise cost management an important part, we must organize and control measures in height to the attention with a view to improving the economic efficiency of enterprises to achieve the purpose. 2 Outlining The construction project cost control, the cost of the project refers to the cost and process of formation occurred, on the production and operation of the amount of human resources, material resources and expenses, guidance, supervision, regu

the stage of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Even under the WTO and Chinas accession to the world community， Chinas construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However， the current budget for the construction projects - estimate， budget， Super budget accounts for the 'super three' is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire

外文文献：　 Changing roles of the clients,architects and contractors through BIM Rizal Sebastian TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes. Design/methodology/approach – Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Through several real cases, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated.

n the stage of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy, Even under the WTO and Chinas accession to the world community, Chinas construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the 'super three' is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Pro

Hierarchy probability cost analysis model incorporate MAIMS principle for EPC project cost estimation 4. Hierarchy integrated probability cost analysis (HIPCA) models for EPC cost estimation. In this section we introduce hierarchy probability cost analysis (HIPCA) methodology, which incorporates all aforementioned concepts for determining the total project cost (TPC) of EPC projects.Our objective is to develop an optimal but realistic TPC for a given probability of success that we assume has been specified by allocating the baseline budgets, and managing contingency, based on the desire to win the project and risk tolerance. 4.1. Correlation coefficient and its feasible verification Once historical data is available, two different measures are used to reflect the degree of relation between cost elements in literature. The first one is an ordinary product-moment (Pearson) correlation coefficient and the second is a rank (Spearman) correlation coefficient. A non-param

Beam Bridges General Description Simple in structure, convenient to fabricate and erect, easy to maintain, and with less construction time and low cost, beam structures have found wide application in short- to medium-span bridges. In 1937, over the Qiantang River, in the city of Hangzhou, a railway-highway bipurpose bridge was erected , with a total length of 1453 m, the longest span being 67 m. When completed, it was a remarkable milestone of the beam bridge designed and built by Chinese engineers themselves. Reinforced concrete beam structures are most commonly used for short- to medium-span bridges. A representative masterpiece is the Rong River Bridge completed in 1964 in the city of Nanning, the capital of Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region. The bridge, with a main span of 55 m and a cross section of a thin-walled box with continuous cells, designed in accordance with closed thin- walled member theory, is the first of its kind in China. Prestressed concrete beam

Shallow engineering cost management and investment control Project construction central task is to realize the project goals. From the objective sense, investment to achieve the goal of economic benefit is owner real embodiment, And project cost determination and investment of effective control of the engineering construction management is an important and indispensable part of project management has a special position. As Chinas economic system reform, the national economy continues to develop, how to strengthen the engineering cost management, improve the project investment benefit? This is what the current investment and cost reform a major issue. Cost and investment in the development of national economy and social economic activities, have a lot of consistent place, but not a concept equivalent. Judging from the purpose is to make the investment, improve the amount of cast currency can guarantee, and realize value-added backflow, And improve cost is to make the in

Customer Relationship Management Approach and Student Satisfaction in Higher Education Marketing Abstract The primary objective of the article was to determine the relationship between customer rela- tionship management and student satisfaction. The study explored the ways in which student satisfaction can be achieved with the use of customer relationship management. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in this research. The following hypotheses were formu- lated in this study: Student Lifecycle management has a significant impact on the studentrsquo;s will- ingness to recommend to others, Parent relationship management has a positive impact on the studentsrsquo; willingness to recommend their universities to others. A multiple regression analysis was employed in the hypothesis testing. The research findings showed that studentrsquo;s willingness to recommend to others increases when the student lifecycle in the university is well managed. It was also di

附录B 外文原文 Assessing the Influence of Growth Strategies on the Performance of Coffee Marketing Cooperatives in Kirinyaga County, Kenya Abstract Cooperatives in Kirinyaga County are faced with high operational costs, and have not managed to pay farmers decently.Due to irregular prices on the market, and the export of coffee that is not branded lacking Kenyan identity has led to the poor performance of the cooperative sector in the world coffee market. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of growth strategies on coffee marketing cooperatives in Kirinyaga County. The study is founded on the Ansoff model (1965) that provides business analysis technique for identifying growth opportunities for a firm. The target population was 285 respondents from fourteen coffee marketing cooperatives. The sample size for the research was 166 respondents comprising of managers, assistant managers, factory managers and management committee member. The study used both qua