The Dilemma of Performance Appraisal Abstract This paper deals with the dilemma of managing performance using performance appraisal. The authors will evaluate the historical development of appraisals and argue that the critical area of line management development that was been identified as a critical success factor in appraisals has been ignored in the later literature evaluating the effectiveness of performance through appraisals. This paper willevaluatethe aims and methodsof appraisal, thedifficulties encountered in the appraisalprocess. It also re-evaluates the lack of theoretical development in appraisaland move from he psychological approachesof analysistoamorecritical realisation ofapproaches before re-evaluating the challenge to remove subjectivity and bias in judgement of appraisal. 13.1Introduction This paper will define and outline performance management and appraisal. It will start by evaluating what form of performance is evaluated, then develop link

The Relationship between Reward Management System and Employee Performance with the Mediating Role of Motivation: A Quantitative Study on Global Banks Pınar Guuml;ngouml;r Okan University, Istanbul, 34722 Turkey Abstract The primary goal of this study is to research the relationship between the reward management system applications and employee performance of bank employees on global banks in Istanbul. It also focuses on the role of motivation as an intervening factor. According to the literature review on the previous studies it is proven that organizations use reward systems and strategies to motivate their employees and to increase their performance. This study will have lots of contributions to the business world. Organizations may improve or change their reward systems to survive in todayrsquo;s environment with the help of this study. They may renew their reward systems and put more efficient and effective ones. In this study, employee performance effectiveness is det

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED PROCEDURAL JUSTICE, COMMUNICATION ABOUT PAY SYSTEMS AND JOB PERFORMANCE AZMAN ISMAIL Faculty of Cognitive Science and Human Development Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ADANAN MAT JUNOH Faculty of Management and Human Resource Development. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia ABSTRACT Compensation management literature highlights that communication is used by employers to deliver information about pay systems to employees. Although communication about pay systems is important, its effect on individualrsquo;s performance is vague when feelings of procedural justice are present in organizations. Based on this literature, a conceptual framework for this study is developed and tested using data gathered from qualitative (in-depth interview) and quantitative (survey questionnaire) research methods. This study involved a sample of 334 employees from seven Malaysian private institutions of higher learning. T

Mencius Arguments on Human Nature 原文正文： This essay will focus on argument and will be argumentative, but at least its initial premises should be noncontroversial. These are, first, that a characteristic practicality shows up in Chinese intellectual traditions in a tendency to rely on common human experience as a guide to life, and, second, that tendency to rely on common human experience both reflects and is reflected in the context of dialogue and disputation. The tradition is not without its treatises and essays, though even these frequently include dialogues (real or concocted), but discussions, debates, and arguments represent an enduring mode, especially within the Confucian tradition. The subjects in Confucian dialogues tend to be ones that emerge out of reflection on the problems of ordinary life; the treatment of these subjects is often of the kind that would be permitted by an actual conversational span; and the examples and metaphors employed are frequent

A Treatise of Human Nature 原文正文： Having thus explained the origin of that praise and approbation, which attends every thing we call great in human affections; we now proceed to give an account of their goodness, and show whence its merit is derived. When experience has once given us a competent knowledge of human affairs, and has taught us the proportion they bear to human passion, we perceive, that the generosity of men is very limited, and that it seldom extends beyond their friends and family, or, at most, beyond their native country. Being thus acquainted with the nature of man, we expect not any impossibility from him; but confine our view to that narrow circle, in which any person moves, in order to form a judgment of his moral character. When the natural tendency of his passions leads him to be serviceable and useful within his sphere, we approve of his character, and love his person, by sympathy with the sentiments of those, who have a more particular c

Corporate Governance and Executive Remuneration: A Contingency Framework Executive Overview By integrating organizational and institutional theories, this paper develops a contingency approach to executive remuneration and assesses its effectiveness in different organizational and institutional contexts. Most of the executive remuneration research focuses on the principal-agent framework and assumes a universal link between executive incentives and performance outcomes. We suggest a framework that examines executive compensation in terms of its organizational contexts and potential complementarities/ substitution effects between different corporate governance practices at both the firm and national levels. We also discuss the implications for different approaches to executive compensation policy such as “soft law” and “hard law.” Over the past two decades, companies around the world have increasingly moved from a fixed pay structure to remuneration schemes th

A Review of Hotel Human Resources Management in Hotel Industry In China Abstract. Along with the unceasing expansion of the scale of the hotel industry， the industrial development continues to advance in depth， and the human resources have become the most important means for many hotels in China to achieve profits， compete for superiority， and occupy the industry heights. Under the background of the progress of the scienceand technology， the speeding up of the process of the internationalization， the impact of the macroeconomic policy， and the rising of the labor costs， the hotel industries in China universally have the bottleneck of the development of the human resources. Therefore， the Chinese scholars have made great efforts， and have put forward the solutions to various problems in the hotel human resource management， to construct the theoretical systems. While in many studies， there are many effective solutions， the scope and depth of the resea

原文： The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice I. Determinants of Capital Structure In this section, we present a brief discussion of the attributes that different theories of capital structure suggest may affect the firms debt-equity choice. These attributes are denoted asset structure, non-debt tax shields, growth, uniqueness, industry classification, size, earnings volatility, and profitability. The attributes, their relation to the optimal capital structure choice, and their observable indicators are discussed below. A. Collateral Value of Assets Most capital structure theories argue that the type of assets owned by a firm in some way affects its capital structure choice. Scott suggests that, by selling secured debt, firms increase the value of their equity by expropriating wealth from their existing unsecured creditors.Arguments put forth by Myers and Majluf also suggest that firms may find it advantageous to sell secured debt. Their model demonstrat

原文： Capital Structure in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises The Case of Vietnam Tran Dinh Khoi Nguyen and Neelakantan Ramachandran Abstract: The objective of this article is to identify the determinants influencing the capital structure of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. Empirical results show that SMEs employ mostly short-term liabilities to finance their operations. A firmrsquo;s ownership also affects the way a SME finances its operations. The capital structure of SMEs in Vietnam is positively related to growth, business risk, firm size, networking, and relationships with banks; but negatively related to tangibility. Profitability seems to have no significant impact ton the capital structure of Vietnamese SMEs. The strong impact of such determinants as firm ownership, firm size, relationships with banks, and networking reflects the asymmetric features of the fund mobilization process in a transitional economy like that of Vietnam.

Internationalization performance of Chinese multinational companies in the developed markets Articleinfo: Article history: Received 1 October 2011 Received in revised form 1 December 2012 Accepted 1 January 2013 Available online 22 June 2013 Abstract This study investigates the relationship between prior cooperation experience with partners from the developed markets and internationalization performance of emerging multinational companies. Based on the knowledge-based view, this study sheds light on the crucial role of knowledge base, organizational learning in the home country, and acquisition possibility of knowledge in the host country. Employing a sample of Chinese international firms, this study demonstrates that international experience accumulated by learning through linkage with partners from the developed markets improves the performance of companies from the emerging market. Organizational learning in the home country and acquisition possibi