英语原文共 9 页， 帮助孩子掌握基本原理 加法和乘法的基本原理是指加数或因数都小于10的组合。减法和除法对应于加法和乘法。因此，15 - 8 = 7是一个减法，因为相应的加法部分小于10。 掌握一个基本原理意味着孩子可以做出快速的反应(大约在3秒内)，而不用使用低效的方法，比如计数。根据NCTM的课程重点，加减法的概念要在一年级学习，在二年级就能快速回忆起基本的加减法知识。与此相关的是，在三年级时要学习乘法和除法的概念，在四年级时要快速回忆掌握的知识。 掌握了基本原理，用它发展快速准确的记忆是一个发展的过程——就像这本书中的每一个主题一样!让学生充分了解自己掌握的知识是至关重要的——而要教好这些知识，需要的不仅仅是闪卡和计时测试。本章解释了帮助学生学习原理的策略，包括使�

英语原文共 9 页， 附录 译文 儿童对疾病成因的理解：对传染性的理解和对内在正义的运用 玛丽·凯斯特（Mary C. Kister）和夏洛特·J·帕特森（Charlotte J.Patterson）弗吉尼亚大学 玛丽·C·坎斯特（Kister）和夏洛特·J·帕特森（Charlotte J.）内在：了解传染性和使用内在正义。儿童发展，1980，51，839-846。对4个年级（学龄前，幼儿园，二年级和四年级）的15名健康儿童进行了访谈，以评估他们对传染病的理解以及他们对疾病和事故的直接司法解释。与年龄较大的儿童相比，年龄较小的儿童更有可能将传染概念过度扩展为不适当的疾病（即，非传染性疾病和意外事故），并且不太可能理解人与人之间的距离对传播传染性疾病的可能性的影响。年幼的孩子比年长的孩子更有可能为事件援引内在的司法解释。所有年龄段的孩子都使用内在的�

英语原文共 8 页， 外文参考文献（译文） 通过对决定教室布局的积极参与来揭示幼儿和教师的行为 Ismail Saida* , Nurul Nadiah Sahimia , Putri Zabariah Megat A. Rahmanb 摘要 让孩子参与计划和决策可以提升他们的学习体验。本研究透过一个由42名来自3间不同教室的学前儿童参与的项目，调查他们在参与活动期间的行为。在整个过程中，每个孩子都被赋予了与课堂老师一起提出想法和做出决定的权力。研究发现，孩子会表达自己的喜好、提出问题、提出想法、谈判、表达不满、要求解释和接受他人的观点。教师被看见在某些事情上给予鼓励和积极的反馈，或是表达不满。 关键词:儿童;参与活动;教室布局;决策 介绍 使儿童参与规划、管理和决策的理念在当地和全球广泛传播。和不同年龄段孩子一起工作的各种机构、组织和当�

英语原文共 9 页， 将有特殊教育需要的儿童纳入主流课堂：系统回顾对教育学的启示 Melanie Nind 1 and Janice Wearmouth 2 1 University of Southampton; 2 The Open University 关键词：特殊教育需求、教育学、包容、同龄人、系统评价。 本文报告了全纳教育三篇系统文献综述中第一篇的研究结果。其目的包括确定在有效教学方法领域进行了哪些研究，以使有特殊教育需要的儿童能够被纳入主流课堂，在有目的的文献样本中综合主题，并研究这项研究如何为实践提供信息。第一次文献回顾的一个结果是概述了教师有效地包括有特殊教育需要的儿童的各种方式。在这篇文章中，我们利用文献，分享一些教学方法的特点，这些特点已经被证明能在学业成就、社会参与和行为改善方面带来积极的结果。我们讨论这些方法，特别是那些涉及同侪小组互动

英语原文共 13 页， 管壳式潜热蓄能装置的热性能:环形翅片的作用 摘要：本文对带环形翅片的管壳式潜热蓄能(LHTES)装置的熔化过程进行了数值研究。采用工业级石蜡作为相变材料(PCM)，水作为传热流体(HTF)。采用基于有限体积法(FVM)的数值模拟方法，研究了翅片数、高度和厚度对相变过程的影响。本文特别证明局部自然连接对整个相变过程的作用。结果表明，在PCM中加入环形翅片，可最大限度地缩短完全熔化时间65%。为了使热性能最大化，本文提出了一组最优肋片参数(翅片数N = 31，厚度 = 0.0248，间距 = 0.0313)。 关键词:蓄热器，优化设计，数值模拟，环形翅片。 1. 引言 共有69个国家的统计数据表明，中国、印度、巴西、泰国、南非等发展中国家的能源消费均有显著增长[1-4]。在各种能源需求中，暖通空调系统由于对热�

附录B 外文原文 LANDSCAPE ALTERATION IN URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF SELANGOR, MALAYSIA by Nor Atiah Ismail A residential landscape is one expression of the intrinsic and cognitive values of a relationship betweenhumans and their environment. bdquo;Experiential landscape‟ is established when people shape and construct theirliving environment and in turn, they are shaped and constructed by this living environment. In Malaysia, therural cultural landscape is one example of the above phenomenon. The rural cultural landscape is the result ofhuman adaptation and subtle modification of the natural environment in the effort of creating preferred livingsettings. Rural villagers are communallyinvolved in the establishment of place identity, developing sense ofplace and a sense of belonging towards their living places.Urban dwellers who live in urban housing areas in Malaysia experience a contrasting situation. Theirphysical living environments are pre-constructed wit

外文参考文献（原文） In search of conceptual modernization: The new Dutch lsquo;national spatial strategyrsquo; Abstract. In the Netherlands the publication of a new policy document on spatial planning is always a milestone, as the national government is such an important player in this field. The National Spatial Strategy is no exception and, at first sight, marks a complete change of tack. Instead of emphasizing spatial quality – as usual – it concentrates on easing the restrictions on spatial development. Central government wants to take a step backwards in favour of allowing the local authorities, and in particular theprovinces, to play a key role. Although the liberal approach to development control is revolutionary, most of the spatial concepts in the National Spatial Strategy are based upon traditional ideas about spatial organization. Key words: National Spatial Strategy, spatial concepts, Spatial Planning Act, The Netherlands, urban network

In Search of Symbolic Markers: Transforming the Urbanized Landscape of the Rotterdam Rijnmond SEBASTIAN DEMBSKI Abstract ijur_1103 2014..2034 The change in the form of cities over the last few decades into amorphous patterns classified as Zwischenstadt (in-between city) has encouraged many urban regions to launch planning strategies that address the urbanized landscape in city-regions. Symbolic markers are used to signify spatial transformation and mobilize various public and private stakeholders (including citizens). As the mindset of people is institutionalized in old perceptions of urban life, strategies employing symbolic markers may be thought of as attempts at institutional innovation. I will argue that the imagination of new regional spaces in the urban fringe is often voluntaristic. Instituting imaginative reconstructions of the Zwischenstadt through symbolic markers relies on a very precise notion of institutional mea

'Domestic Ecotourism Opportunities in Barra de Santiago Estuary, El Salvador' Abstract This research analyzes the human pressure on the Barra de Santiago Estuary. The local community has limited access to basic services, and extracts natural resources to complement its needs. Domestic ecotourism is proposed as an option to reduce this pressure. This type of tourism is based in two factors: first, ecotourism is considered as an alternative to generate incomes; secondly, it identifies transport as an important factor contributing to global warming, and therefore, ecotourism needs to be regional. In order to identify opportunities, the community perception about tourism was explored. Similarly, opinions from potential tourists were collected. The results show that there are strengths and also pitfalls to achieve the development of domestic ecotourism in Barra de Santiago. Its success will require effective communication, feedbacks and involvement of all the actors at the di

Sustainability 2010, 2, 1909-1923; doi:10.3390/su2071909 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article Planning for Community Based Tourism in a Remote Location Sharon Harwood Coffey Environments, Level 1 2-3 Greenhill Rd, Wayville, South Australia 5034, Australia; E-Mail: harwood@squirrel.com.au; Tel.: 61-872-213-500; Fax: 61-881-721-968. Received: 26 May 2010; in revised form: 6 June 2010 / Accepted: 16 June 2010 / Published: 1 July 2010 Abstract: Remote areas are difficult to access, tend to lack critical infrastructure, are highly susceptible to shocks in the marketplace, and are perceived by industry to possess limited development opportunities. Accordingly a community orientated and territorial approach to development planning in a remote area will be more successful than a top down industry based approach [1]. Given the limitations of being remote, the case study community examined in this