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Fire protection
消防
Fire protection on ships is provided by detection and fire-fighting equipment together with structural features which are intended to contain an outbreak of fire and the employment when required of non-combustible materials to prevent its spread.
船舶上的防火由检测设备和灭火设备组成，还有旨在遏制火灾爆发的结构特征和非易燃物材料的应用防止火灾的蔓延。
Air supply
供气
An outbreak of fire requires a source of ignition, the presence of combustible material and ample oxygen. Of the three factors, oxygen is provided in large quantities in machinery spaces, accommodation, dry cargo holds and tanker pumprooms by ventilation fans. Air supply trunkings are not only a source for a supply of oxygen to feed the fire but also have potential for carrying smoke from one area to another. Emergency stops must be fitted so that ventilation fans can be stopped from a position external to the space served. Trunkings are provided with flaps which can be used to isolate various areas as necessary. Provision should be made so that all openings which could admit air can be closed off from a safe position external to the space or from the deck.
火灾的爆发需要点火源、可燃物质和充足的氧气。在这三个因素中，机舱空间、休息室、干货舱和油轮泵房的氧气通过通风风扇在大量供应。空气供应管道不仅仅是供应支持火灾的氧气的来源，而且还可能将烟雾从一个区域输送到另一区域。必须安装紧急停车装置，以便可以从所供应空间外部的位置停止通风风扇。空气供应管道设有襟翼，可用于在必要时隔离各个区域。应作出规定，以便使所有可以进空气的开口可以从空间外部或甲板上的安全位置来关闭。
Fire main
消防主水管
Whilst the various types of portable extinguishers form the front line of attack against a fire detected in its early stages, the fire main or one of the other fixed fire-fighting installations is used if a fire becomes established. The fire main extends to the full length of the ship and from the machinery spaces to the highest levels. Hydrants served by the main, are situated so that with suitable hoses any area on the ship can be reached.
虽然各种类型的便携式灭火器被用在早期检测到的火灾的第一线，但如果灾情变得更严重，则使用消防主水管或其他固定灭火装置。消防主水管可以延伸到全船，可以从机舱空间到船的最高处。由主水管供应的消防栓处在合适的位置，所以用合适的软管可以到达船上的任何区域。
Water is the chief fire fighting medium on a ship and the fire main is the basic installation for fighting fires. The system shown for the cargo ship (Figure 14.1) has two independently powered pumps which are also used for general service and ballast. These pumps supply engine room hydrants and the deck main through the screw down isolating valve which must be accessible from outside of the machinery space. The latter is required to prevent loss of water through damaged pipework in the engine room if, to maintain the deck supply, the emergency fire pump has to be used. The emergency fire pump is shown as being situated in a tunnel, with a supply to the deck main through the tunnel escape and also to the twin hydrants in the shaft tunnel by the engine room watertight door. The deck main has a drain at the lowest position so that the pipe can be emptied (particularly of fresh water) in cold weather. If this is not done, the pipe can be damaged by the water freezing but more importantly, it will be blocked by the ice and not usable.
水是船舶的主要消防介质，消防主水管是灭火的基本装置。货船图示的系统（图14.1）有两个动力独立的泵，也用于压载和一般服务。这些泵通过隔离阀向发动机室消防栓和主甲板供应，该隔离阀必须可以从机械空间外部接触。如果要维持对甲板的水供应，则必须使用应急消防泵，以防止发动机室内损坏的管道造成水流出。应急消防泵位于隧道内，它通过逃生隧道向主甲板供应，也可通过发动机室水密门向竖井隧道中的双消防栓供应。主甲板在最低位置有一个排水管，以便在寒冷的天气可以清空管道（特别是淡水）。因为如果不这样做，管道可能被水冻住，但更重要的是，它会被冰堵塞，以至于不能使用。
The fire main for a passenger ferry (Figure 14.2) provides cover for the vehicle deck in addition to that furnished by the fixed drencher system. Foam may be provided for foam branch pipes which can be operated through hoses from the fire main hydrants.
客运渡轮的消防主水管除了装备了固定洒水系统外，还为车辆甲板提供了防护罩。可为泡沫支管提供泡沫，泡沫支管可通过消防主水管的消防栓的软管操作。
Fire pumps
消防泵
Two independently powered pumps must be provided in all cargo ships of 1000 tons gross and over and in passenger ships of less than 4000 tons gross. Larger passenger vessels and passenger ferries must have three such pumps. The pumps are fitted with non-return valves if they are of the centrifugal type, to prevent loss of water back through open valves when not running. A relief valve is necessary in the system if the pumps are capable of raising the pipeline pressure so that it is greater than the design figure.With centrifugal pumps the relief valve is unlikely to be needed but it is essential for a positive displacement fire pump. Minimum line pressures and capacities are governed by the regulations. Whilst fire pumps may be used for other duties such as ballast or general service they should not normally be used for pumping oil. Changeover arrangements may be fitted allowing a pump to be used for oily bilges.
所有一千吨及以上的货船和总吨数不超过四千吨的客船必须配备两台独立供电的泵。较大的客运船和客运渡轮必须有三个这样的泵。如果泵是离心式的，则泵装有止回阀，以防止在不运行时通过打开的阀门损失水。如果泵能够提高管路压力以使其大于其设计值，则系统中需要安全阀。离心泵不太可能需要安全阀，但它对于正排量消防泵是必不可少的。最低管路压力和容量受规则的限制。虽然消防泵可用于其它工作，例如压载或一般服务，但它通常不应用于泵油。消防泵可以安装转换装置，以允许泵用于泵油性舱底水。
Emergency fire pump
应急消防泵
Normally, cargo vessels are provided with emergency fire pumps because a fire in the engine room could put all of the other pumps out of action. Such a pump is indicated in Figure 14.1 and is located away from the engine room in the shaft tunnel, steering gear or in the forward part of the ship. The suction lift of any pump is limited and for this reason emergency fire pumps are restricted to being at a maximum of 6 m from the water level at light draught conditions. Ideally they are installed below the waterline to guarantee avoidance of suction problems. There have been difficulties in the past with some steering gear located emergency fire pumps when the ship was in the ballast condition.
通常情况下，货船配备有紧急消防泵，因为机舱内的火灾可能会使其他泵失去作用。如图14.1所示，该泵远离轴隧道、操舵装置或船的前部。任何水泵的吸力都是有限的，因此应急消防泵应限制在轻度通风条件下距离水位最大6米。理想情况下，它们安装在水线以下，以保证避免吸入问题。过去，当船舶处于压载条件下时，一些转向装置位于应急消防泵上存在困难。
If the location of a centrifugal type emergency fire pump is the steering f
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