动画外文翻译资料

 2022-08-19 04:08

Animation

Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods.

Early examples

An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artists intention of depicting motion.

Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. in Iran Five images sequence from a vase found A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the

sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word.

A Chinese zoetrope-type device had beeninvented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope,praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during An , the 19th century. approximately 4000 years old, showing

These devices produced the appearance of in action. Even though this may movement from sequential drawings using appear similar to a series of animation technological means, but animation did not really drawings, there was no way of viewing the develop much further until the advent of images in motion. It does, however, indicate cinematography. the artists intention of depicting motion.

There is no single person who can be considered the 'creator' of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time.

Georges Meacute;liegrave;s was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Meacute;liegrave;s discovered this technique accidentally when hiscamera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When he had fixed the camera, a hearse happened to be passing by just as Meacute;liegrave;s restarted rolling the film, his end result was that he had managed to make a bus transform into a hearse. This was just one of the great contributors to animation in the early years.

The earliest surviving stop-motion advertising film was an English short by Arthur Melbourne-Cooper called Matches: An Appeal (1899). Developed for the Bryant and May Matchsticks company, it involved stop-motion animation of wired-together matches writing a patriotic call to action on a blackboard.

J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American film-maker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation. Introduced to film-making by Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the turn of the 20th century, with his first copyrighted work dated 1900. Several of his films, among them The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) were film versions of Blacktons 'lightning artist' routine, and utilized modified versions of Meacute;liegrave;s early stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move and reshape themselves. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces is regularly cited as the first true animated film, and Blackton is considered the first true animator.

Another French artist, Eacute;mile Cohl, began drawing cartoon strips and created a film in 1908 called Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. There were also sections of live action where the animatorrsquo;s hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame

onto negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look. This makes Fantasmagorie the by Emile Cohl, 1908 first animated film created using what came to be known as traditional (hand-drawn) animation.

Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One such artist was Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, who created detailed animations that required a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail. Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCays most noted films are Little Nemo (1911), Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) and The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918).

The production of animated short films, typically referred to as 'cartoons', became an industry of its own during the 1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in movie theaters. The most successful early animation producer was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.

El Apoacute;stol (Spanish: 'The Apostle') was a 1917 Argentine animated film utilizing cutout animation, and the worlds first animated feature film.

Traditional animation

Traditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one

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动画

动画是2-D或3-D的艺术品或职位建模的一系列的想象的快速的表现来创造一种运动的幻觉。

这个影响是移动上的一种视觉上的错觉由于视觉持续的现象,并且能够在几种方式上被创造和被展示。最常见的方法当前动画是作为一幅移动的图片或是视频节目,尽管有其他的方法。

1.早期的例子

一位埃及人埋葬在秘密的壁画中,近似于4000年,在行动上展示了摔跤选手。甚至尽管这个可能出现相似于一系列的动画的图案,没有视觉上的方式在运转中的想象。它的确是,然而,在描写运动中表明了艺术家的意图。

早些尝试的的例子去捕获移动的图片,它能够在旧石器时代的洞穴

壁画被发现,在重叠的位置上带有多条腿的动物们被描绘,清晰的尝试去表达动画的感觉。 在伊朗从一只花瓶上发现了5种图像次序 5000岁的制钵机在伊朗被发现, 沿着这边一只山羊被描绘成五种图 像。这已经被声称是早期动画的一个 例子。然而,后来没有设备存在来展 示在运转中的想象,像一系列的想象 不能被称作动画在一个真实的世界 里。 一面中国的西洋镜类型的设备已 经在180 AD中被发明。转盘活动影像 一位埃及人埋葬在秘密的壁画镜,教学用喉动态镜,和常见的手翻 中,近似于4000年,在行动上展示书是早些流行的动画设备在19世纪 了摔跤选手。甚至尽管这个可能出被发明。 现相似于一系列的动画的图案,没这些设备生产移动的外观从连续 有视觉上的方式在运转中的想象。的图片中用技术的手段,但是动画没 它的确是,然而,在描写运动中表有真正的发展更长久直到电影艺术的 明了艺术家的意图。 到来。 没有单一的人能够被考虑成电影动画的“创造者”,像有几个人工作在项目中,它能够同时被考虑成动画。

乔治斯是一名特殊效果电影的创造者;一般来说他是使用他的机器制作动画的第一人。他偶然的发现了一种技术这即将去停止照相机旋转在场面中改变一些事情,然后继续旋转胶卷。这个思想后来被称作单格拍制动画。当摄影一辆公共汽车驱动时乔治斯偶然的发现这项技术,当时他的照相机就出现了故障。当他已经修好照相机时,一辆灵车碰巧通过时刚巧乔治斯重启旋转胶卷,他的最后结果他设法使一辆公共汽车转变成一辆灵车。在早些年对于动画他是一位伟大的创造者。

最早期继续存在的单格拍摄广告电影是一种英语的缺乏被阿瑟墨尔本库珀称作火柴:一种呼吁(1899)。开发的布赖恩特和五月火柴梗公司,它涉及到接有点电线的火柴的单格拍制动画在一个黑板上写爱国的行动呼吁。

J.斯图尔特布莱克顿可能是美国第一电影制作人用来使用单格拍制技术和手绘的动画。被爱迪生发明电影制作,他倡导这些概念在20世纪的转变,随着他的第一个受版权保护的注有日期1900。几个他的电影,在他们之中被施魔法的图画(1900)和风趣的脸的幽默阶段(1906)是布莱克顿的“作家快手”路线的版本,并且修改乔治斯早期的单格拍制技术的版本用来制作一系列的黑板上的图画出现移动并且改造他们自己。lsquo;风趣的脸的幽默阶段rsquo;有规律的被引用作为第一个真实的动画电影,布莱克顿被称为第一位真实的动画家。

另一个法国艺术家,埃米尔开始绘画卡通脚本并且创作一部电影在1908年叫做幻影集。这部电影大部分考虑了一个粗线条刻画人物走来走去并且遇到了变形目标的所有方式,例如一个酒瓶转变成一朵花。也有实景真人卡通绘制者的手将会进入场景中。这部电影在纸上描绘每一个框架被制作然后在底片上射击每一个框架,这会给如片一个平台观看。这使幻影集被制作成第一部动画片,后来被称为传统的(手绘制)动画。 1908年被埃米尔制作的幻影集。

随着布莱克顿和埃米尔的成功,许多其他的艺术家开始用动画进行试验。一位这样的艺术家名叫温瑟,一位成功的报纸漫画家,他创作了详细的动画片这需要一组艺术家并且对于细节艰苦的注意。每一个框架在纸上被描述,这总是需要背景图片和人物特征来被重画和有生气的,在莫卡的大多数显著的电影中有小尼莫(1911),恐龙葛蒂(1914)和尼西塔尼亚号的沉没(1918)。

动画短片的作品,尤其被称作“卡通动画”,在1910s期间变成了它自己的一个工业,卡通动画短片在电影院制作被放映。最成功的早期动画生产者是布雷,他,跟随制片家贺德一起,取得赛璐珞动画处理的专利这支配着动画工业对于其他的十年。

E1 导师(西班牙语:“信徒”)是1917年阿根廷动画电影利用挖剪图片动画,并且是世界上第一部最佳动画长片电影。

2.传统的动画 传统的动画(也被称作赛璐珞动画 或是手绘动画)是个过程在20世纪用 于大多数动画电影。一部传统的动画电 影的单一框架是图纸的照片,这是第一 个在纸上被描绘。对于制作运动的错 觉,每一张图画稍微不同于在它前面的 那张。动画家的图纸在透明醋酸表上被 测量或是被影印,这是用指定的绘画颜 传统动画的一个例子,来自于 料或是基本音色另外在对面的线图中埃德沃德·迈布里奇的19世纪的 填补进去。 照片被转描机技术描绘的一匹马。

这个完整品质的摄制一个接一个的被拍照在电影被一台活动照相机倚靠一个被描画的背景。

赛璐珞动画推移在21世纪的开端变得淘汰了。今天,动画家的图纸和背景图片或者是已扫描的或者是直接绘图在一个电脑系统中的。各种各样的软件程序被用于给图纸图颜料、模仿照相机运动和效果。最后的动画块输出是几个交付媒体中的一个,包括传统的35mm电影和更新的媒体例如数字视频。传统的赛璐珞动画的样子仍旧是保留的,特征动画的工作已经从本质上保留了过去的70年。一些动画的生产者已经用“传统数字”术语来表述赛璐珞动画这使得计算机技术广泛的使用。

传统的最佳动画长片电影的例子包括木偶奇遇记(美国,1940),动物庄园(英国,1954),和阿基拉(日本,1988).传统的最佳动画长片在电脑技术的帮助下被制作包括(狮子王,1994)千与千寻(日本,2001),美丽城三重唱(法国,2003)。

完全动画涉及到制作高质量传统的动画电影过程,这有规律地使用详图和貌似真实的运动。完全动画电影能够用各种各样的模式来制作,从更多显示的动画作品例如由迪士尼工作室(美女与野兽,阿拉丁,狮子王)被制作到由迪士尼被制作的更多的“卡通化”风格。许多迪士尼经典动画长片是完全动画片的例子,正如非迪士尼例如勇敢鼠妈妈(美国,1982),钢铁巨人(美国,1999),和星星大作战(西班牙,2007)。

有限的动画涉及到更少详细的和/或更多风格的详细描绘和运动的方法。在美国的美国工作室联合制作有艺术家作为先驱,有限的动画能够被用于程式化的一种表现方法,像在杰拉尔德McBoing定票(美国,1951),黄色潜水艇(英国,1968)和许多在日本制作的日本动漫。它的基本使用,然而,已经为媒介制作为最有成本效益的动画内容例如电视(芭拉拉的工作,美国飞美逊,和其他的电视动画工作室)和后来因特网(网络漫画)。

转描机技术是一种技术,在1917年被弗莱李兄弟得到专利,动画家追踪实景运动,逐帧动画。源电影等够直接从演员的轮廓复制进入卡通片,像在指环王(美国,1978)或用一个程式化和富有表现力的方式,像在梦醒人生(美国,2001)和心机扫描(美国,2006)。一些其他的例子:火与冰(美国,1983)和重金属(1981)。

电脑动画

电脑动画包含大量的技术,统一

2D动画

2D动画人物摄影被创作并且/或 被创建。这个动画比前面的传统动

画会花更少的时间。

一个短的可交换的地球动画图像者被编辑在电脑上用2D位图制图法或用2D向量图形制图法被创作和编辑。这包括了传统的动画技术的自动化的电脑版本例如,插补变形,单项中继线和绘画制转瞄技术。

3D动画

3D动画是被一位卡通绘制者的数字化建模和操作。为了操作一个网丝,它被赋予一个数字骨骼结构这能够被用来控制网眼。这个过程被称作绳索。各种各样其他的技术被应用,例如数学运算函数库(例重力,粒子模拟),模拟羽毛或头发,效果像火和水并且用动作捕捉来命名除了个别的,这些技术受到3D动力学的分类的影响,匀称的3D动画很难能够从生动的情节中区别并且对于最近的电影常被用于视觉效果。玩具总动员(1995,美国)是用3D图像的第一部长篇电影来完全的被创造和描述。

4.地位

色彩较暗的动画,用CG软件被用来模仿传统的动画。阴影看起来鲜明,带有更少的混合颜色。

例子包括,苍穹(2007,法国),苹果核战记(2007,日本),塞尔达传说:风之杖(2002,日本)。

引擎电影,在电子游戏和虚拟世界里被屏幕捕获被创作。

动作捕捉,当实景真人穿着特殊的套装被使用这允许电脑在CG中复制他们的运动。例子包括极地快车(2004,美国),贝奥武夫(2007,美国),圣诞颂歌(2009,美国),丁丁历险记(2011,美国)。

照片真实度的动画,普遍被动画所使用这相似于真实的生活。使用高级渲染这制作了详细的外皮,植物,水,火,白云,等等来模仿真实的生活。例子包括飞屋环游记(2009,美国),迷幻山区摇滚(2008,美国),冰河世纪(2002,美国)。

2D动画技术倾向于集中于图像处理当3D技术通常建造虚拟世界的特性和物体移动及幕间剧。3D动画能够创造想象这对于观看者似乎是真实的。

5.其他的动画技术

在电影动画上描述:这项技术连续镜头被制作由图像直接创建在库存胶片上,例如被麦克拉伦,列恩·雷和斯坦·布拉哈德。

描绘在玻璃上的动画:一项技术用来制作动画片由操纵慢甘油涂在玻璃的版面,例如由亚历山大·彼得洛夫。

擦除动画:这项技术应用于传统的2D技术,随着时间的流逝拍照正如艺术家巧妙的处理图片。例如,威廉·肯特里奇以他的木炭擦除电影而得名,彼得以在石膏上他的动画划痕导演技术而出名。

沙动画:沙子在一片后面或者是前面发光的玻璃上走来走去对每一部动画片创建每一个画面。由于灯的对比生动的创建了一个有趣的效果。

手翻书:手翻书(有时,尤其是在英式英语中,被称作手翻书)是一本书,它带有一系列的图片从一页到下一页渐渐的变化,所以当书页快速的翻转时,图片由模拟运动或一些其他的变化好像动起来。手翻书经常对孩子们是有插图的书,而且可能更大的朝向成年人和使用一系列逼真的照片而不是图纸。手翻书不总是单独的书,而当在普通书籍或杂志上增加一个特征时可能出现,经常在页脚上。软件包和网站也是有效的这转变数字视频文件到定制的手翻书里。

Animation

Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods.

Early examples

An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artists intention of depicting motion.

Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. in Iran Five images sequence from a vase found A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the

sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word.

A Chinese zoetrope-type device had beeninvented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope,praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular anima

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