Sustainable Development of Tourism Industry in China under the Low-carbon Economy
Z. Tanga,b*, C.B. Shia, Z. Liuc
aSchool of Tourism and Cuisine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
bSchool of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
cSchool of Foreign Language, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China,
Abstract
Low-carbon economy is an effective solution to the sharp conflict between rapid economic growth and high CO2 emission. Low-carbon tourism is a radical approach to implement sustainable development under the background of low-carbon economy. This paper analyzes the fundamental conception of low-carbon tourism and reviewed the main research on low-carbon tourism within and outside China. Some countermeasures for the sustainable development of tourism industry are discussed in view of the benefits of tourist administration, tourism enterprises, tourism attractions and tourists in order to achieve higher quality of tourism experience and greater economic, social and environmental benefits with energy saving and emission reduction.
copy; 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of RIUDS
Keywords: Low-carbon economy; Tourism industry; Low-carbon tourism; Sustainable development
1.Introduction
With the growing concern about climate change, the international communities had reached a consensus on the construction of low-carbon economy for tackling global warming. Low-carbon economy is increasingly drawn worldwide attention since British Energy White Paper “Our Energy Future: Creating a Low Carbon Economy” was first drafted in 2003. Low-carbon economy perhaps will become “the fourth industrial revolution” after UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark. According to the World Tourism Organization, China will become the largest tourist destination country and the fourth largest tourist source country in the world by 2020. The State Council of China formulated Principle of Speeding up the Development of Tourism Industry in 2009, which advocates vigorously greenhouse gas reduction by conserving energy of tourism industry, and cut down the electricity consumption and water consumption by 20% at star-rated hotels and scenic spots in five years. The low- carbon development of tourism industry not only can reduce energy consumption and achieve the target of energy saving and CO2 reduction, but also can cut down the operating cost and increase the profit of tourism industry. As a new traveling form, low-carbon tourism is the guarantee of the sustainable development of tourism industry.
2.Theory of low-carbon tourism
2.1 Connotation oflow-carbon economy and low-carbon tourism
Low-carbon economy is an economic mode based on low energy consumption, low pollution and low emission, which is another significant civilization following the agricultural civilization and industrial civilization. According to the guidance of sustainable development, new energy development and other means, the essence of low-carbon economy is to minimize the high-carbon energy consumption of coal, oil, and other fossil fuels, to reduce greenhouse gas emission, and to achieve the win-win patterns of economic and social development and ecological environment protection , through technical innovation, system innovation and industrial restructuring [1].
The concept of low-carbon tourism dates back to World Economic Forum “ Go to Low-carbon Travel and Tourism Industry” in 2009. Low-carbon tourism is a new way of sustainable development which can achieve the greater tourism economic, social and environmental benefits , through using the low-carbon technologies, setting up a mechanism for carbon sink mechanism, and promoting the implementation of low-carbon tourism consumption [2]. The core of low-carbon tourism is to obtain a higher quality of tourism experience with low carbon emission and less pollution in the process of transportation, accommodations, sightseeing, shopping and entertainment [3].
2.2 Reviews of low-carbon tourism
The overseas researches put particular emphasis on quantitative assessment on carbon emission of tourism industry. For instance, Beckenaetal. proposed that the total energy use of international tourists is four times that of domestic tourists. Transportation contributes 65–73% of the total energy consumption, and becomes a priority to energy saving [4]. Richard accounts for the carbon tax on aviation fuel would particularly affect long-haul flights and short-haul flights, which implies that tourist destinations that rely heavily on short-haul flights or on intercontinental flights will decline in international tourism numbers [5]. Smith and Rodger assessed
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低碳经济下中国旅游业的可持续发展
摘 要
低碳经济是解决经济快速增长与高二氧化碳排放矛盾的有效途径。低碳旅游是低碳经济背景下实现可持续发展的根本途径。本文分析了低碳旅游的基本概念，回顾了国内外关于低碳旅游的主要研究成果。从旅游管理、旅游企业、旅游景区和旅游者的利益出发，探讨了旅游业可持续发展的对策，以期达到更高的旅游体验质量，更大的经济、社会和环境效益。节能减排。
关键词：低碳经济；旅游业；Low碳旅游；可持续发展
- 介绍
随着人们对气候变化的关注日益增加，国际社会已经就低碳经济的建设达成共识，以应对全球变暖。自从英国能源白皮书《能源未来：创建低碳经济》在2003年第一次起草以来，低碳经济越来越受到全世界的关注。低碳经济或许将成为丹麦哥本哈根联合国气候变化会议后的“第四次工业革命”。根据世界旅游组织预测，中国在2020年将成为最大的旅游目的地国和世界第四大旅游客源国。2009年，中国国务院制定了在五年内加快旅游业发展的原则，主张大力节约旅游业的温室气体，降低星级饭店和风景名胜区的电力消耗和用水量20%。旅游业低碳发展不仅可以降低能源消耗，实现节能减排目标，而且可以降低经营成本，增加旅游业的利润。低碳旅游作为一种新的旅游形式，是旅游业可持续发展的保障。
- 低碳旅游理论
2.1低碳经济内涵与低碳旅游
低碳经济是一种以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式，是继农业文明和工业文明之后的又一重大文明。在可持续发展、新能源开发等方面的指导下，低碳经济的实质是尽量减少煤炭、石油等化石燃料的高碳能源消耗，减少温室气体排放，实现双赢的经济模式。社会发展和生态环境保护，通过技术创新、制度创新和产业结构调整。
低碳旅游的概念可以追溯到2009年世界经济论坛“低碳旅游和旅游业”。低碳旅游是一种可持续发展的新途径，通过利用低碳技术，建立碳汇机制，促进低碳旅游的实施，实现旅游经济、社会、环境效益的大提升。低碳旅游的核心是在交通、住宿、观光、购物、娱乐等过程中获得低碳排放、少污染的旅游体验。
2.2低碳旅游的研究
国外的研究侧重于旅游业碳排放的定量评价。例如，贝克纳等。建议国际旅游者的能源使用总量是国内游客的四倍。交通运输占总能源消耗的65—73%，成为节能减排的重点。李察认为航空燃料的碳税将特别影响长途航班和短途航班，这意味着严重依赖短途航班或洲际航班的旅游目的地将在国际旅游数字中下降。史米斯和Rodger评估了综合国别国际旅行的航空排放量的竞争抵销选项，并表明没有针对国家内部的单一抵消方案在物理上和/或政治上是现实的。Kuo和陈使用生命周期评价（LCA）研究旅游对交通、住宿和娱乐活动部门的环境影响。佩特斯和杜布瓦发现，游客造成的二氧化碳排放占全球二氧化碳排放量的4.4%，预计排放量平均每年增长3.2%至2035。从林的研究来看，私家车的CO2排放由于其负荷因素较低而显示出较高的价值。此外，人均二氧化碳排放量受旅行距离和运输方式属性的双重影响。
在中国，研究者对低碳旅游的概念和对策进行了定性的探讨。例如，刘认为低消费和低污染是低碳旅游的核心。黄在国内提出了低碳旅游景区，为低碳城市的创建打下良好的基础。黄和姚运用德尔菲法研究了低碳社会在休闲产业领域的应用。李等。建立了初级低碳旅游社区评价体系，促进低碳旅游理念的推广。蔡和王认为，低碳旅游模式可以通过创建低碳旅游景点、建设低碳旅游设施等来实现。
- 低碳经济下的旅游业可持续发展对策
3.1旅游管理部门指导低碳旅游
政府应把发展低碳旅游作为一项重中之重，把低碳旅游纳入循环经济、节能减排、环保第十二大五年计划。政府应建立低碳旅游的法律法规，从法律和制度层面促进低碳旅游的规范化和制度化。政府部门应通过严格的低碳旅游景区、旅游交通和旅游饭店标准，加强旅游相关企业的低碳评价体系建设。政府应鼓励旅游企业发展节能、减少二氧化碳排放和使用可再生能源，支持旅游企业减税、财政补贴、政府采购和绿色信贷。政府应建立低碳旅游专项资金，支持旅游企业发展低碳项目。政府不仅要加强各部门之间的合作，共同宣传和共同推广低碳旅游，同时也增强公众对低碳旅游的环境意识，促进公众参与低碳旅游。政府应发展低碳经济的国际合作，以采用先进的管理来提升旅游业的竞争力。
3.2供应低碳产品的旅游企业
- 旅行社
旅行社作为旅游企业的重要组成部分，在低碳旅游中起着重要的作用。从旅游业的角度看，旅行社应担当低碳旅游的宣传者。旅行社应宣传低碳旅游的理念，特别开发低碳旅游产品和路线，以满足旅游者对低碳旅游的需求。例如，旅行社可以适当地设计徒步旅行和自行车旅游路线，引导游客回归自然。保护自然，减少碳排放，保持旅游业的可持续发展。
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