绩效考核的困境外文翻译资料

 2022-03-26 07:03

The Dilemma of Performance Appraisal

Peter Prowse and Julie Prowse

Measuring Business Excellence,Vol.13 Iss:4,pp.69 - 77

Abstract

This paper deals with the dilemma of managing performance using performance appraisal. The authors will evaluate the historical development of appraisals and argue that the critical area of line management development that was been identified as a critical success factor in appraisals has been ignored in the later literature evaluating the effectiveness of performance through appraisals.

This paper will evaluate the aims and methods of appraisal, the difficulties encountered in the appraisal process. It also re-evaluates the lack of theoretical development in appraisal and move from the psychological approaches of analysis to more critical realization of approaches before re-evaluating the challenge to remove subjectivity and bias in judgment of appraisal.

13.1Introduction

This paper will define and outline performance management and appraisal. It will start by evaluating what form of performance is evaluated, then develop links to the development of different performance traditions (Psychological tradition, Management by Objectives, Motivation and Development).It will outline the historical development of performance management then evaluate high performance strategies using performance appraisal. It will evaluate the continuing issue of subjectivity and ethical dilemmas regarding measurement and assessment of performance. The paper will then examine how organizations measure performance before evaluation of research on some recent trends in performance appraisal.

This chapter will evaluate the historical development of performance appraisal from management by objectives (MBO) literature before evaluating the debates between linkages between performance management and appraisal. It will outline the development of individual performance before linking to performance management in organizations. The outcomes of techniques to increase organizational commitment, increase job satisfaction will be critically evaluated. It will further examine the transatlantic debates between literature on efficiency and effectiveness in the North American and the United Kingdom) evidence to evaluate the HRM development and contribution of performance appraisal to individual and organizational performance.

13.2 What is Performance Management?

The first is to discuss is the difficulty of definition of Performance Management. Armstrong and Barron(1998:8) define performance management as: A strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organizations by Improving performance of people who work in them by developing the capabilities of teams And individual performance.

13.2.1 Performance Appraisal

Appraisal potentially is a key tool in making the most of an organizationrsquo;s human resources. The use of appraisal is widespread estimated that 80–90%of organizations in the USA and UK were using appraisal and an increase from 69 to 87% of organizations between 1998 and 2004 reported a formal performance management system (Armstrong and Baron, 1998:200).There has been little evidence of the evaluation of the effectiveness of appraisal but more on the development in its use. Between 1998 and 2004 a sample from the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD, 2007) of 562 firms found 506 were using performance appraisal in UK.

What is also vital to emphasis is the rising use of performance appraisal feedback beyond performance for professionals and managers to nearly 95% of workplaces in the 2004 WERS survey (see Table 13.1).Clearly the use of Appraisals has been the development and extension of appraisals to cover a large proportion of the UK workforce and the coverage of non managerial occupations and the extended use in private and public sectors.

13.2.2 The Purpose of Appraisals

The critical issue is what is the purpose of appraisals and how effective is it? Researched and used in practice throughout organizations? The purpose of appraisals needs to be clearly identified. Firstly their purpose. Randell (1994) states they are a systematic evaluation of individual performance linked to workplace behaviour and/or specific criteria. Appraisals often take the form of an appraisal interview, usually annual, supported by standardised forms/paperwork. The key objective of appraisal is to provide feedback for performance is provided by the line manager. The three key questions for quality of feedback:

1. What and how are observations on performance made?

2. Why and how are they discussed?

3. What determines the level of performance in the job?

1 It has been argued by one school of thought that these process cannot be performed effectively unless the line manager of person providing feedback has the interpersonal interviewing skills to provide that feedback to people being appraised. This has been defined as the “Bradford Approach” which places a high priority on appraisal skills development (Randell, 1994). This approach is outlined in Fig. 13.1 which identifies the linkages between involving, developing, rewarding and valuing people at work..

13.2.3 Historical Development of Appraisal

The historical development of performance feedback has developed from a range of approaches. Formal observation of individual work performance was reported in Robert Owensrsquo;s Scottish factory in New Lanarkin the early 1800s (Cole, 1925). Owen hung over machines a piece of coloured wood over machines to indicate the Super intendentrsquo;s assessment of the previous dayrsquo;s conduct (white for excellent, yellow, blue and then black for poor performance).The twentieth centuryled to F.W. Taylor and his measured performance and the scientific management movement (Taylor, 1964). The 1930sTraits Approaches identified personality an

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绩效考核的困境

Peter Prowse and Julie ProwsePeter Prowse and Julie Prowse

摘要

本文旨在用绩效考核方法来解决绩效管理的困境。,,,,,The authors will evaluate the historical develop作者们将评估考核的发展历史appraisals and argue that the critical area of line management development that was,通过评价考核文献的关键领域的有效性,讨论被考核对象和生产管理的发展中been identified as a critical success factor in appraisals has been ignored in the已被忽略的成功的关键因素。

本文本文本文旨在探讨绩效考核的目的和方法,以及在考核过程中遇到的种种困难。它还重新评估绩效考核领域理论发展的不足,在重新评估之前脱离心理分析以寻找更重要的方法,来消除认识的主观性和考核判断的偏见。

一 前言

本文将定义并概述绩效管理和考核,It它将start by evaluating what form of performance is evaluated, then develop links通过评估以何种形式考核绩效,发展不同to the development of different performance traditions (Psychological tradition,绩效模型之间的联系(心理传统,Managementby Objectives,Motivation andDevelopment).It will outlinethe historical目标管理,动机和发展等)。它将列举绩效管理的发展历史development of performance management then evaluate high performance,然后使用绩效考核来评估高绩效strategies using performance appraisal.策略。It will evaluate the continuing issue of它将评估关于测量和评估引起主观性和绩效评估的伦理困境等持续问题。
本文将在研究绩效考核最近的一些趋势之前,探讨企业如何衡量业绩。This chapter will evaluate the historical development of performance appraisal。。。。。。本章将从目标管理(MBO)角度估绩效考核的历史发展,from management by objectives (MBO) literature before evaluating the debates讨论between linkages between performance management and apprais绩效管理和评估之间的联系。

绩效管理发展中的个人业绩与企业组织相联系,以提高组织承诺的成果的实现性,审慎评估以增加工作满意度。它将进一步研究文献的跨领域的效率和有效性议题在北美和英国的证据,以评估个人和组织绩效的人力资源开发和考核贡献。

二 什么是绩效管理?

第一个问题要讨论的是对绩效管理定义的困难。Armstrong and Barron(1998:8)定义绩效管理为:一种以开发团队的能力表现及个人表现来提高组织成功持续性的战略和综合的办法。

2.1绩效考核

Appraisal potentiallyisakey toolin making themostof anorganisation#39;s human评估是充分利用企业组织人力资源的一个关键工具。绩效考核的使用分布广泛,根据1998年至2004年一个正式的绩效管理系统的报告(Armstrong and Baron, 1998:200),估计80-90%的美国组织正在使用,而英国使用比例从69%增加至87%。有很少关于在发展考核的证据,而有更多的使用效益。 1998年至2004年从英国特许人事样本562,发现在英国506人使用表现评估,这是还必须强调的是越来越多地使用的表现。

在2004年WERS调查中,在几乎95%的工作场所强调的关键是基于专业人员和管理人员的绩效考核反馈。显然,考核已经是不断发展和拓展,已经覆盖很大比例的英国劳动人口和非职业管理以及在私营和公共部门推广使用。

2.2考核目的

关键的问题是考核的目的是什么以及在企业实务中怎样才能有效研究和实践?考核的目的需要被清晰的界定。首先是他们的目的,Randell (1994)强调他们是一个个人业绩与工作行为或具体标准的系统考核。评议往往采取一种面谈的形式,通常每年,按固定格式标准进行。这样的考核在未决的主要目标,为绩效提供反馈给直接领导。质量反馈的三个关键问题:quality of feedback:

1.做出的绩效考核意见是什么以及如何做出What and how are observations on perfor?

2. 2.为什么和如何讨论?

3. 3.什么决定工作绩效的水平What determines thelevelof performancein thejob?什么决定什么?

It has been argued by one school of thought that these process cannot be performed据某种思想认为,这些过程不能有效的执行除非直接领导提供的反馈是有人际访谈技巧的,来把绩效反馈给被考核人。这已被定义为“布拉德福德法”的一个高度优先的地方考核技能发展(Randell, 1994)。这个方法定义了包含、发展、激励和评估的联系。

2.3考核的历史发展

绩效反馈的历史发展由一系列的方法发展而成。of approaches.Formal observationofindividualwork performancewasreportedin正式的个人工作表现观察报告起源于19世纪初 Robert Owens在苏格兰新拉纳克工厂(科尔,1925年)。Owenhungovermachinesapieceof colouredwoodovermachinesto indicatethe 欧文挂着着色木头的机器设备,以指示每个院长的评估前一天的行为(白色为优,黄,蓝色和黑色则表现欠佳)。

20世纪由泰罗和他的测量表现和科学管理运动所引导(泰勒,1964)。20世纪30年代发现的使用图形和使用反馈考核尺度表现个性特征和表现的途径,以及混合标准的表现,这个常被用来招募和识别员工。在选择领域的management potentialinthe fieldofselection.管理潜力,后来的发展来防止再成为强制选择规模,迫使发达国家一个中等规模的5级判断,以避免关键的增长.考核还包括叙事声明和支持评级的评论(迈尔,1958)。In the 1940s Behavioural Methods were developed.

在20世纪40年代,行为方法产生。 Theseincluded Behavioural这些行为包括锚量表(BARS),行为观察量表(BOS),行为考核量表(BES),关键事件,工作模拟。Allthese所有这些判别用来确定绩效具体问题的具体标准,如客户服务和考核因素,等级分类如优良,平均或需要改善或差。这些等级被评估人员分配数值并添加到一个声明或评论的叙事评论中。它还将引导确定任何潜在的训练需要,更重要的是要确定在未来上级管理的监督和管理潜力的职业人才。1945年报发展成注重成果的办法,领导了目标管理发展(MBO)。这提供了具体的目标和达要到的具体框架,比如特定的销售,盈利能力,并与以前的表现反馈截止日期(Wherry, 1957)。申请的截止日期可能需要改变,并形成员工的具体绩效排名。它还提供了比较业绩排名分布和成对比较的绩效排名和设置以及要实现目标。

在20世纪60年代,对自我考核发展的讨论对于被评估人引起了具体的时间与机会,以评估他们的绩效通过讨论和访问发展为在面谈中讨论的一系列主题的交流。直到这个时期考核的成功是依赖于面试者的技巧。

20世纪90年代,In the 1990s the development of360度考核发展了更广泛的范围的信息来源,反馈不再依赖于管理者与下属权力关系,而是要包括各级群体对各级管理人员的表现的绩效考核与反馈(Redman and Snape, 1992)。 考核访谈最终发展于20世纪90年代,伴随着对于绩效与财务上的奖励挂钩的强调,将在下文进行讨论。

2.4 绩效衡量

在考核困境的持续发展中,绩效衡量和使用考核是这一过程的关键组成部分。定量测量绩效将企业和行业的标准水平译为个人表现,引进的技术如平衡记分卡由卡普兰和诺顿(1992)开发的。

绩效衡量和考核,包括财务,客户考核,内部流程及学习与成长的反馈。绩效标准还包括质的措施,认为有一对以上量化指标的重点是上述优质的服务和全面质量管理的定义。在绩效方面措施,20世纪90年代出现了表面转换和迁移将物质奖励与绩效水平相联系。这个议题在后面讨论的文件。

三 考核关键

Critiquesof appraisalhave continuedas appraisalshave increasedin useand scope考核评比继续作为绩效波动被更多的部门和行业使用。占主导地位的批判是作为一个正统的技术的管理框架,旨在纠正弱点及评估作为一个发展绩效的系统。

这种“正统”的做法认为有考核冲突目的(Strebler et al, 2001)。考核可以通过明确的目标激励工作人员,制定明确的培训和发展的需要,提供未来的目标来确定绩效目标。这些与过去的绩效考考核和奖励与分配的冲突是基于过去的表现(Bach, 2005:301)。Employees are reluctant to confide any limitations and concerns on their current

员工不愿意吐露任何限制和关注他们目前绩效因为这可能对绩效的影响,与相关奖励或晋升机会(Newton and Findley, 1996:43)。这些绩效冲突对于考核人来说是连续作为管理者和判定者的业绩不同角色的挑战,而是理解辅导员的兰德尔1994)认为少数管理人员没有得到执行。McGregor认为绩效考核经理不愿意考核是有典型的证据的,管理者不愿意就个人的表现和培训服务进行判断可能使士气低落,导致自己的支持和贡献个人表现欠佳,并同时避免人际冲突(McGregor, 1957)。

避免冲突一个后果是,以速度为中心的所有标准并避免为中心的高级管理人员倾向的冲突。由longneckeretal(1987年)对于高级管理者的研究,他们发现组织政策的影响比率60名高级管理人员,调查结果显示,通过加强个人或保护自身利益来刻意的参与政策行动时,当可能的冲突情况,在他们的评估等级比率和是由偏见或受影响的潜在来源决定的(Longeneckeret,1987)。

这有Longeneckerrsquo;s的证据进一步证明偏见的方法。他们的政治判断和已扭曲不自量力,一些表现能力进一步明确而不是在关键的环节和已知的额定能力,如果一些较低的判决他们可能影响作为角色整个正面影响(ACAS,1996年)。

有些评级可能只包括最近发生的事件,这些都是近期的已知影响。在这种情况下,经理搜集和使用的只有在整个考核期间最近的比较事件。特别关注对绩效数据的公平性的考核,这可能通过性别,种族和考核者的阶层自身而扭曲。一些对于美国和英国的研究凸显了对于性别(Alimo-Metcalf, 1991;White, 1999)考核和考核者的级别的主观性(Geddes andKonrad, 2003)。建议和解决偏见的方案稍后将检讨。

Suggestions and solutionsThe second analysis is the radical critique of appraisal.第二个分析是对考核激进的批判。这是更多重要管理文献中认为,评估和表现管理都是关于管理控制(Newton and Findley, 1996;Townley, 1993). It argues它认为加强对员工行为的管理控制,可实现的对人工考核的拓展,是控制的专业手段。这发展了Foucault利用职权和监视的文献。这些文献使用像教师这样的专业人员的公共服务控制的例子(Healy, 1997)和大学专业人员的(Townley, 1990)。

Thisevidence argues 这方面的证据认为使用考核来加强对公共服务的控制,作为一种控制方法并认为,管理客观性结果忽视了考核和等级评定的发展作用,均获得人们接受和支持的文化和组织价值。然而,这种文献忽略员工阻力与利用工会来挑战试图对专业人员和工作人员在评估过程施加控制。(Bach, 2005:306).

消除偏见的不同议题之一是使用隐喻的测试(Folgeretal,1992年)。这是基于假设考核比率一个评估“真实”绩效的技术性问题,这需要增加考核的可靠性和有效性作为一种发展动力和绩效的工具。评价者偏见和错误的来源可以通过改进组织公平,增加考核者鉴定可靠性解决的。

但有一个假设的问题,如你可以清晰描述工作要求,该组织是通过考核人从价值和政治议程自由裁量权的values and that thejudgmentbyappraisers#39; arevalue free from political agendas and价值观和判定反映“理性”的目标。其次存在

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