费曼图计算与FeynArts, FormCalc和LoopTools外文翻译资料

 2023-03-14 05:03

本科毕业设计(论文)

外文翻译

费曼图计算与FeynArts, FormCalc和LoopTools

作者:Thomas Hahn

国籍:Germany

出处:[1] Hahn T . Feynman Diagram Calculations with FeynArts, FormCalc, and LoopTools. 2010.

中文译文:

1、介绍

FeynArts、FormCalc和LoopTools是生成和计算费曼图的程序。他们解决的“正则”问题是以高度自动化的方式计算给定散射反应的截面,最高可达一个单圈级别。Mathematica作为一种基本的编程语言,使它能够以各种方式直接使用特定的中间结果,例如检查Ward恒等式或提取Wilson系数。这一描述给出了系统的概述,重点是最近增加的功能。

2、FeynArts

FeynArts是一个用于生成和可视化费曼图和振幅的Mathematica软件包。发布于1991年,尽管有很多扩展,但目前的3.5版本仍然使用几乎相同的语法。振幅的产生是一个三步过程。在第一步中,为给定数量的循环和外部分支产生不同的拓扑。例如:

top = CreateTopologies[1, 1 → 2]

这是一个纯粹的几何/拓扑任务,不需要物理输入。内部算法从给定的零分支拓扑开始,并依次添加分支。

在第二步中,模型的粒子内容从模型文件中读取,字段以所有允许的方式分布在拓扑上,例如:

ins = InsertFields[top, F[4,{3}] → {F[4,{2}], V[1]}]

最后,应用费曼规则:

amp = CreateFeynAmp[ins]

上面的字段标签是一个默认的模型,SM。对应衰变b→sgamma;,其中b和s分别是下型F夸克类的第三和第二成员[4],V[1]是光子。这个表示法是更通用的域级概念的一部分:

bull;一般能级决定了一个场的时空属性,例如费米子f。它还确定了耦合的运动学属性。例如,FFS耦合的形式为G omega; G-omega;-,其中omega;plusmn;=(1plusmn;gamma;5)/2,系数Gplusmn;仅依赖于模型参数。

bull;class Level指定粒子到“简单”索引替换,例如,下型夸克F[4](这里还没有给出生成索引)

bull;粒子级阐明了任何未指明的指标,例如底部夸克F[4,{3}]。

这种分裂的原因主要是节约:运动简化可以在通用级别上执行,那里通常比在较低级别上有更少的图表。同样地,琐碎的计算,例如费米子生成,不需要用粒子级费曼图明确地表示出来。

Createtopologies和insertfieldfields返回的图表可以用Paint绘制,输出为Mathematica Graphics对象、PostScript或LATEX。Paint生产的LATEX代码可以通过FeynEdit编辑器[4]进行后期处理(例如“修改”以供发布)。

输出中的图表编码为FeynAmp[id, loopmom, genamp, ins]。为了说明问题,请考虑下图

bull;id是一个用于记账的标识符,例如:GraphID[Topology== 1,Generic == 1],

bull;loopmom以积分[q1]的形式标识环动量,

bull;genamp是通用振幅

RelativeCF①ŒŒ

FeynAmpDenominator[,]②

(p1minus;2q1)[Lor1] (minus;p1 2q1)[Lor2]③

ep[V[1],p1,Lor1] eplowast;[V[1],k1,Lor2] ④

单个项目可以很容易地识别:前置因子①,环分母②,耦合结构③,极化矢量④,耦合常数⑤。

bull;ins是一个规则列表,替换通用振幅中未指定的项,

{ Mass[S[Gen3]]} ,Mass[S[Gen4]],

[(Mom[1]-Mom[2])[KI1[3]]],

[(Mom[1]-Mom[2])[KI1[3]]],RelativeCF }

Insertions[Classes][{MW.MW,I EL,-I EL,2}]

2.1模型文件

模型文件是在模型初始化期间由FeynArts加载的普通的Mathematica文本文件。它们提供特定的对象,例如M$ClassesDescription(粒子列表)和M$CouplingMatrices(耦合列表)。泛型(.gen)和类(.mod)模型文件分别存储耦合的运动部分和常量部分。

FeynArts进一步区分基本和部分(附加)模型文件。基本模型文件,如SM.mod、MSSM.mod,可以通过附加模型文件进行修改,如

InsertFields[...,Model {“MSSMQCD”,”FV”}]

这加载了基本模型文件mssmqcd.mod并通过附加模型文件fv.mod(不是最低限度的特点破坏)修改它。支架表示法类似地适用于通用模型文件。附加模型文件通常会修改(而不是覆盖)其对象。

Feynarts的模型文件目前可以由Feynrules [5]和Lanhep [6]生成。 Sarah Package[7]对于SUSY模型的高级推导是有用的。 Feynarts本身包括ModelMaker工具,它将一个适当定义的拉格朗日转变为模型文件。有关模型施工的进一步细节,读者将参考各个手册。

2.2线性组合字段

从版本3.5开始,FeynArts可以自动线性组合场,也就是说,人们可以根据规范而不是质量本征态来指定耦合。例如:

M$ClassesDescription = { ...,

F[11] == {...,

Indices {Index[Netralion]},

Mixture ZNeu[Index[Neutralion],1] F[111]

ZNeu[Index[Neutralion],2] F[112]

ZNeu[Index[Neutralion],3] F[113]

ZNeu[Index[Neutralion],4] F[114] } }

M$CouplingMatrices现在可以给出规范特征态F[111]. .F[114],这使得表达式更短。F[111]. .F[114]在模型初始化后完全退出,但因为它们本身没有在M$ClassesDescription中列出。

也可以添加更高阶的混合:

M$ClassesDescription = { ..., S[1] == {...},

S[2] == {...},

S[10] == {...,

Indices → {Index[Higgs]},

Mixture → UHiggs[Index[Higgs],1] S[1]

UHiggs[Index[Higgs],2] S[2],

InsertOnly → {External, Internal}} }

此时,S[10]和S[1],S[2]出现在M$ClassesDescription中,因此耦合列表包含混合和解密状态,以所有可能的组合。由于Insertonly,S [10]仅在图中的树级部分上插入,而不是在循环中。

2.3增强的图表选择

在最近的FeynArts版本中,添加或扩展了许多功能来简化图表选择:DiagramSelect、DiagramGrouping、DiagramMap、DiagramComplement。还有许多新的或扩展的lsquo;过滤器函数rsquo;,它们简化了上述选择函数的复杂过滤器的构造:顶点、场点、费米恩路由、FeynAmpCases、FieldMatchQ、FieldMemberQ、FieldPointMatchQ、FieldPointMemberQ。

仅举两个例子:波函数校正(WFC)的选择变得更加灵活。可以为每个外部分支单独指定排除WFC,

CreateTopologies[..., ExcludeTopologies → WFCorrections[1|3]]

过滤函数WFCorrectionFields返回构成WFC的自能的入场和出场。它解决了用相同的外层粒子(通常被省略)和不同的粒子(除非采用某种壳上方案保留)来区别对待WFC的问题,例如

DiagramSelect[..., UnsameQ@@ WFCorrectionFields[##] amp;]

新的过滤函数FermionRouting可以用来根据图的费米子结构来选择图,例如:

DiagramSelect[..., FermionRouting[##] === {1,3, 2,4} amp;]

仅选择外部1-3和2-4通过费米子线连接的图。

3.FormCalc

对于数值评估,FeynArts的输出并不直接处于良好的状态。它包含无收缩指数、非正则环积分、费米子迹、SU(N)生成元等.因此,首先用FormCalc对图的符号表达式进行代数简化.FormCalc执行以下步骤:收缩指数、求费米子迹、简化开费米子链、标准化颜色结构、减少张量积分、引入缩写.

这些步骤中的大多数都是以[8]形式在内部执行的,这是一种计算机代数系统,其指令集有许多改编,特别适用于高能物理。与FORM的接口对用户是透明的,即用户不必使用FORM代码。因此,FormCalc将表格的速度与数学强大的指令集结合在一起,而数学指令集极大地方便了对结果的进一步处理。

主要函数是CalcFeynAmp,它应用于FeynArts振幅(CreateFeynAmp的输出),并结合上述步骤。它的输出通常是循环积分与包含模型参数、运动学变量和FormCalc引入的缩写的前置因子的线性组合,例如:

C0i[cc0, MW2, MW2, S, MW2, MZ2, MW2] *

( -4 Alfa2 CW2 MW2/SW2 S AbbSum16

32 Alfa2 CW2/SW2 S2 AbbSum28

4 Alfa2 CW2/SW2 S2 AbbSum30 -

8 Alfa2 CW2/SW2 S2 AbbSum7

Alfa2 CW2/SW2 S(T-U) Abb1

8 Alfa2 CW2/SW2 S(T-U) AbbSum29 )

第一条线表示单圈积分(、、s、、、),乘以缩写(如ABB1或ABSUM 29)与包含运动不变量(如曼德尔斯塔姆变量S、T和U)以及模型参数(如Alfa2=)的系数的线性组合。

3.1缩写

缩写的自动引入是FormCalc中的一个关键概念。这对于使振幅尽可能紧凑至关重要。主要效果来自三层递归定义的缩写,当从表单回读振幅时,即在CalcFeynAmp期间引入。例如:

AbbSum29 = Abb2 Abb22 Abb23 Abb3

Abb22 = Pair1 Pair3 Pair6

Pair3 = Pair[e[3],k[1]]

写出来,这个缩写相当于:

Pair[e[1], e[2]] Pair[e[3], k[1]] Pair[e[4], k[1]]

Pair[e[1], e[2]] Pair[e[3], k[2]] Pair[e[4], k[1]]

Pair[e[1], e[2]] Pair[e[3], k[1]] Pair[e[4], k[2]]

Pair[e[1], e[2]] Pair[e[3], k[2]] Pair[e[4], k[2]]

除了CalcFeynAmp分配的这些缩写之外,

剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料


Introduction

FeynArts [1], FormCalc, and LoopTools [2] are programs for the generation and calculation of Feynman diagrams. The lsquo;canonicalrsquo; problem they solve is the computation of the cross-section up to one-loop order for a given scattering reaction, in a highly automated way. Mathematica as the basic programming language makes it straightforward to use in particular intermediate results in a variety of ways, for example checks of Ward identities or the extraction of Wilson coefficients. This note gives an overview of the system with emphasis on recently added features.

FeynArts

FeynArts is a Mathematica package for the generation and visualization of Feynman diagrams and amplitudes. Launched in 1991 [3], the current version 3.5 still uses almost the same syntax, though with many extensions. The generation of amplitudes is a three-step process. In the first step, the distinct topologies for a given number of loops and external legs are produced, e.g.

top = CreateTopologies[1, 1 → 2]

This is a purely geometrical/topological task and requires no physics input. The internal algorithm starts from given zero-leg topologies of the requested loop order and successively adds legs.

In the second step, the modelrsquo;s particle content is read from a Model File and the fields are distributed over the topologies in all admissible ways, e.g.

ins = InsertFields[top, F[4,{3}] → {F[4,{2}], V[1]}]

Finally, the Feynman rules are applied with

amp = CreateFeynAmp[ins]

The field labelling above is the one of the default model, SM.mod, and corresponds to the decay b s, where b and s are the third and second members of the down-type quark class F[4], and V[1] is the photon. This notation is part of the more general concept of field levels:

bull;The Generic Level determines the space–time properties of a field, e.g. a fermion F. It also fixes the kinematic properties of the couplings. For example, the FFS coupling is of the form G omega; G-omega;- where omega;plusmn;=(1plusmn;gamma;5)/2,with coefficients Gplusmn; that depend on model parameters only.

bull;The Classes Level specifies the particle up to lsquo;simplersquo; index substitutions, e.g. the down-type quark class F[4] (where the generation index is not yet given).

bull;The Particles Level spells out any indices left unspecified, e.g. the bottom quark F[4,{3}].

The reason for this splitting is mainly economy: kinematic simplifications can be performed at Generic Level, where there are typically much fewer diagrams than at lower levels. Likewise, lsquo;trivialrsquo; sums e.g. over fermion generations need not be written out explicitly in terms of Particles- Level Feynman diagrams.

The diagrams returned by CreateTopologies and InsertFields can be drawn with Paint, with output as Mathematica Graphics object, PostScript, or LATEX. LATEX code produced by Paint can be post-processed (e.g. lsquo;touched uprsquo; for publication) with the FeynEdit editor [4].

A diagram in the output is encoded as FeynAmp[id, loopmom, genamp, ins]. For illustration, consider the diagram

bull; id is an identifier for bookkeeping, e.g. GraphID[Topology == 1, Generic == 1],

bull; loopmom identifies the loop momenta in the form Integral[q1],

bull; genamp is the generic amplitude,

RelativeCF➀

(p1 minus; 2 q1)[Lor1] (minus;p1 2 q1)[Lor2] ➂

ep[V[1], p1, Lor1] eplowast;[V[1], k1, Lor2] ➃

where individual items can easily be identified: prefactor ➀, loop denominators ➁, coupling structure ➂, polarization vectors ➃, coupling constants ➄.

    • ins is a list of rules substituting the unspecified items in the generic amplitude,

    1. Model Files

The Model Files are ordinary Mathematica text files loaded by FeynArts during model initialization. They supply certain objects, e.g. M$ClassesDescription, the list of particles, and M$CouplingMatrices, the list of couplings. Generic (.gen) and Classes (.mod) Model Files store the kinematic and constant part of the coupling, respectively.

FeynArts further distinguishes Basic and Partial (Add-On) Model Files. Basic Model Files, such as SM.mod, MSSM.mod, can be modified by Add-On Model Files, as in

InsertFields[..., Model → {'MSSMQCD', 'FV'}]

This loads the Basic Model File MSSMQCD.mod and modifies it through the Add-On Model File FV.mod (non-minimal flavour violation). The brace notation works similarly for Generic Model files. The Add-On Model File typically modifies (rather than overwrites) its objects.

Model Files for FeynArts can currently be generated by FeynRules [5] and LanHEP [6]. The SARAH package [7] is useful for the high-level derivation of SUSY models. FeynArts itself in- cludes the ModelMaker tool which turns a suitably defined Lagrangian into a Model File. For further details of model construction the reader is referred to the respective manuals.

    1. Linear Combination of Fields

Starting from Version 3.5, FeynArts can automatically linear-combine fields, i.e. one can spec- ify the couplings in terms of gauge rather than mass eigenstates. For example:

M$CouplingMatrices may now be given in terms of the gauge eigenstates F[111]. . . F[114], which makes the expressions much shorter. F[111]. . . F[114] drop out completely after model initialization, however, as they are not themselves listed in M$ClassesDescription.

Higher-order mixings can be added, too:

This time, S[10] and S[1], S[2] appear in M$ClassesDescription and hence the coupling list contains both mixed and unmixed states, in all possible

剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料


资料编号:[596348],资料为PDF文档或Word文档,PDF文档可免费转换为Word

原文和译文剩余内容已隐藏,您需要先支付 30元 才能查看原文和译文全部内容!立即支付

以上是毕业论文外文翻译,课题毕业论文、任务书、文献综述、开题报告、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。