Factors Affecting Retirement Migration
to Idaho: An Adaptation of the Amenity
Retirement Migration Model1
States in the western United States are experiencing population increases. In the state of Idaho,many communities are becoming new residences for retired migrants. With the arrival of these retirees,community leaders and policy makers areasking a variety of questions about their communities,including: Why are older persons migrating to Idaho? How well have they adjusted to and been assimilatedinto the community? What resources havethey brought with them, and how satisfied are they with their new community? Previous research has attempted to understand the factors that cause older people to migrate to various locations following retirement (Cuba, 1991; Dillman, 1995; Golant, 1979; Judson, Popoff, Desrochers, amp; Reynolds-Scanlon, 1996). The predominance of this research has focused on the factors that 'push' people from where they currently live and those that 'pull' them to new locations. Perhaps the most recent significant research has been the work of Haas and Serow (1993), which concluded that pull factors are more important than push factors in the migration process. Our study expands on Haas and Serows work by adding additional items to their model and by utilizing a random sample of older adults who mi-grated to the state of Idaho during 1992 and 1993. In addition, we utilize a multivariate statistical analysis of the data to better identify the relative importance of the independent variables in the model.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework for this study was Haas and Serows (1993) model of the Amenity RetirementMigration Process (Figure 1). In this model,information sources, along with push and pull factors,influence the process of an actual decision to migrate to a new community. Haas and Serow relate how individual factors of remote thoughts,
daydreams of a change in lifestyle, employment change, and pre-retirement or actual retirement status all influence and precipitate a decision to move. The timing and sequence of this process depends on the individual and has no specific pattern. After
the actual move, the migrant begins the process of developing ties within the new community. If the new community does not meet the migrants ideal,the migration decision process may begin again.Haas and Serow (1993) describe how information
resources become an important factor in evaluating a current community (push factors) in relation to other communities (pull factors). Previous studies discuss how push factors, such as the cost of living, population density, crime rates, environmental concerns,amenity opportunities, employment opportunities, and a lack of family members in the area relate to dissatisfaction with a persons current community (Cuba, 1991; Hazelrigg amp; Hardy, 1995). Additional push factors that affect a decision to move include life cycle changes, a preferred lifestyle, changes in marital status, health reasons, and retire-ment (Bradsher, Longino, Jackson, amp; Zimmerman,1992; Litwak amp; Longino, 1987).
Strong pull factors include a lower cost of living,lower population density, amenity opportunities,employment opportunities, and a better quality of life (Haas amp; Serow, 1993). Quality of life becomes a primary consideration for a move to a new community (Berger amp; Blomquist, 1992; Rudzitis amp; Streatfeild, 1992-93). Many older persons indicated a preference to live outside city limits but within 15 minutes by car of either a rural or urban community (Fox, 1995)
The possibility of an actual move increases with a persons degree of familiarity with another community (Cuba amp; Longino, 1991; Haas amp; Serow, 1993).Cuba and Longinos study of older persons migration to Cape Cod found that personal experience with a new community can come from casual conversations with acquaintances who live or vacation
in a particular area, or through personal experiences of past vacations and frequent visits with family or friends.
After a migration decision and actual move are made, the next step involves becoming attached to a new community. Persons with ties are more likely to become permanent residents and less likely to consider a move to another new community. Older persons participate in various organizations and social events, volunteer work, and political activities (Bennett, 1993). Participation in a variety of community activities is a strong indicator of community ties (Bach amp; Smith, 1977; Cuba amp; Hummon, 1993).
Possible migration choices for future residence often include place of birth, favorite childhood locations (Dillman, 1995), and former residential locations lived in as an adult (Aday amp; Miles, 1982). Frequent trips to favorite vacation areas or communities where persons visit family or friends are most often the ways by which older persons become
acquainted with the communities they later chose for new residences (Fagan amp; Longino, 1993; Haas amp;Serow, 1993)
Methods
Sample
A representative sample of older migrants who moved to Idaho was drawn from a list obtained from the Idaho Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). The DMV list included 14,625 persons aged 50 and older who had moved.to Idaho during the 4-year period of 1990-93 and had surrendered their drivers licenses from other states. The DMV information included name, address, county of current residence, gender, and date of birth. A random sample of 2,053 (every 4th person) was drawn from only those 8,029
older adults who had inmigrated during the period of 1992-1993. This 2-year time period was chosen because it allowed subjects to have had enough time to have a range of experiences in their new community and yet have moved recently enough to respond
to questions about why they moved and other survey topics. This a
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Factors Affecting Retirement Migration
to Idaho: An Adaptation of the Amenity
Retirement Migration Model1
States in the western United States are experiencing population increases. In the state of Idaho,many communities are becoming new residences for retired migrants. With the arrival of these retirees,community leaders and policy makers areasking a variety of questions about their communities,including: Why are older persons migrating to Idaho? How well have they adjusted to and been assimilatedinto the community? What resources havethey brought with them, and how satisfied are they with their new community? Previous research has attempted to understand the factors that cause older people to migrate to various locations following retirement (Cuba, 1991; Dillman, 1995; Golant, 1979; Judson, Popoff, Desrochers, amp; Reynolds-Scanlon, 1996). The predominance of this research has focused on the factors that 'push' people from where they currently live and those that 'pull' them to new locations. Perhaps the most recent significant research has been the work of Haas and Serow (1993), which concluded that pull factors are more important than push factors in the migration process. Our study expands on Haas and Serows work by adding additional items to their model and by utilizing a random sample of older adults who mi-grated to the state of Idaho during 1992 and 1993. In addition, we utilize a multivariate statistical analysis of the data to better identify the relative importance of the independent variables in the model.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework for this study was Haas and Serows (1993) model of the Amenity RetirementMigration Process (Figure 1). In this model,information sources, along with push and pull factors,influence the process of an actual decision to migrate to a new community. Haas and Serow relate how individual factors of remote thoughts,
daydreams of a change in lifestyle, employment change, and pre-retirement or actual retirement status all influence and precipitate a decision to move. The timing and sequence of this process depends on the individual and has no specific pattern. After
the actual move, the migrant begins the process of developing ties within the new community. If the new community does not meet the migrants ideal,the migration decision process may begin again.Haas and Serow (1993) describe how information
resources become an important factor in evaluating a current community (push factors) in relation to other communities (pull factors). Previous studies discuss how push factors, such as the cost of living, population density, crime rates, environmental concerns,amenity opportunities, employment opportunities, and a lack of family members in the area relate to dissatisfaction with a persons current community (Cuba, 1991; Hazelrigg amp; Hardy, 1995). Additional push factors that affect a decision to move include life cycle changes, a preferred lifestyle, changes in marital status, health reasons, and retire-ment (Bradsher, Longino, Jackson, amp; Zimmerman,1992; Litwak amp; Longino, 1987).
Strong pull factors include a lower cost of living,lower population density, amenity opportunities,employment opportunities, and a better quality of life (Haas amp; Serow, 1993). Quality of life becomes a primary consideration for a move to a new community (Berger amp; Blomquist, 1992; Rudzitis amp; Streatfeild, 1992-93). Many older persons indicated a preference to live outside city limits but within 15 minutes by car of either a rural or urban community (Fox, 1995)
The possibility of an actual move increases with a persons degree of familiarity with another community (Cuba amp; Longino, 1991; Haas amp; Serow, 1993).Cuba and Longinos study of older persons migration to Cape Cod found that personal experience with a new community can come from casual conversations with acquaintances who live or vacation
in a particular area, or through personal experiences of past vacations and frequent visits with family or friends.
After a migration decision and actual move are made, the next step involves becoming attached to a new community. Persons with ties are more likely to become permanent residents and less likely to consider a move to another new community. Older persons participate in various organizations and social events, volunteer work, and political activities (Bennett, 1993). Participation in a variety of community activities is a strong indicator of community ties (Bach amp; Smith, 1977; Cuba amp; Hummon, 1993).
Possible migration choices for future residence often include place of birth, favorite childhood locations (Dillman, 1995), and former residential locations lived in as an adult (Aday amp; Miles, 1982). Frequent trips to favorite vacation areas or communities where persons visit family or friends are most often the ways by which older persons become
acquainted with the communities they later chose for new residences (Fagan amp; Longino, 1993; Haas amp;Serow, 1993)
Methods
Sample
A representative sample of older migrants who moved to Idaho was drawn from a list obtained from the Idaho Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). The DMV list included 14,625 persons aged 50 and older who had moved.to Idaho during the 4-year period of 1990-93 and had surrendered their drivers licenses from other states. The DMV information included name, address, county of current residence, gender, and date of birth. A random sample of 2,053 (every 4th person) was drawn from only those 8,029
older adults who had inmigrated during the period of 1992-1993. This 2-year time period was chosen because it allowed subjects to have had enough time to have a range of experiences in their new community and yet have moved recently enough to respond
to questions about why they moved and other survey topics. This a
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