The case of land withdrawal mechanism for rural homesteads in China
- Introduction
Rural resilience entails a process of sustained monitoring, facilitation,maintenance and recovery of virtual cyclic interactions between ecosystem services and human well-being under the influence of external factors. Although connected, rural resilience and rural sustainability entail differences, including the scales at which they are applied. Therefore, they cannot be substituted for each other .Rural development that is rational and achievable must be both resilientand sustainable. There has been a meteoric rise in the prioritization and application of resilience within planning and management, as evidenced in regional studies. These studies indicate that the resilience agenda has been widely adopted by NGOs,governments, planners, managers, architects, designers, social scientists, ecologists and engineers . Thus, there has been an explosion in the popularity of resilience within both academic and policy discourses and numerous explanations have been offered for this dramatic rise . In particular, the concept of resilience is appealing in rural development theorizing in terms of highly complex, vulnerable and adaptive systems.Rural resilience in the context of poverty, which is also governed by land use policies in rural context. The sustainable and resilient rural studies dealing with rural poverty, climate change adaptation through rural development program . Rural areas in developing countries are largely expected to be disproportionally hurt by projected changes in temperature, precipitation, and extreme events .The actual land use policy level response to these changes is not well understood.There is confusion about the kinds of policy problems to be solved by means of indicators worldwide. However, indicates can reflect some parts of the actual situation of rural poverty context and improve understanding of the environmental and socio-economic changes affecting rural livelihoods . How policies can affect rural resilience is and will be a hot research topic.Land use policies in China have had a significant influence on rural resilience, with the establishment of a leasehold property rights system and wide array of frequently changing policies . Urban land in China is owned by the state, while rural land is jointly owned by rural collectives. Land transactions entail exchanges of leases for land use rights,with terms ranging from 40 years for commercial land to 70 years for residential land and legal land tenure security has been improved during recent land tenure reforms. The central government controls the overall allocation of land use rights at the national level, while local governments contract-out land use rights through negotiations, tenders and auctions . Land use policies – for example, the withdrawal mechanism for rural homesteads(WMRH), which allows rural homesteads to be transferred by compensation and auction – significantly influence changes in rural resilience under this system.Withdrawal mechanism for rural homesteads(WMRH) refers to a type of rural construction land circulation that farmers completely abandon land use rights for better welfare compensation. The establishment of such mechanism, which based on the incentive and restraint rules, is an important way to improve the management system of rural residential land . Homestead withdrawal mechanisms are being formulated aimed at improving rural resilience based on regional characteristics entailing differences in modes of economic development, degrees of development of the land market and government regulations. Varying levels of economic development and differences in regional cultures and environments in eastern, western and southern regions of China directly affect farmers’ land-use behavior patterns, as well as the dynamics between farmers, governments and enterprises.These differences are among the most important factors affecting variations in changes in the rural resilience of areas where the policy has been implemented.It is necessary to carry out quantitative research analyzing the relationship between rural resilience and land use policy. Thus we apply bibliometric analysis in a review of the academic literature concerning rural resilience published over the last four decades for an improved understanding of what rural resilience entails and how it is affected by land use policies. The withdrawal mechanism for rural homesteads(WMRH) in China is then introduced in detail for international readers,and an assessment index system is developed to evaluate changes in rural resilience resulting from the implementation of the WMRH policy based on the analysis of research clusters of rural resilience and the introduction of WMRH. Tianhe in Guangzhou City, Shizhu in Chongqing City and Huishan in Wuxi city are used in an empirical study of the characteristics of the WMRH and how the WMRH has affected rural resilience. Finally, some policy suggestions are introduced for reference by policy makers.
- Literature review
2.1. Rural resilience and its research clusters
In this study, we conduct a co-citation analysis, especially the visualization of co-citation networks and research clusters, using CiteSpace 4.0.R5. The Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index, included in the Database of the Web of Science™ Core Collection, are used to identify the rural resilience literature. The search topic “rural resilience” yields 816 hits. We subsequently review the titles and abstracts of these studies to determine whether they were actually relevant to the study of rural resilience. This results in 500 articles ultimately being selected for importing into CiteSpace for visualizing and analyzing the co-citation network and obtaining the literature clusters. In this way, 29 co-citation clusters are identified within the ne
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