Literature Review

Health Environments Research

amp; Design Journal

Healthcare Signage Design:

A Review on Recommendations for Effective Signing Systems

Rita Rodrigues, MSc, PhD Student¹, Rita Coelho, PhD², and Joatilde;o Manuel R. S. Tavares, PhD³

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Abstract

This article provides a set of recommendations, selected from the systematic literature review

carried out, regarding signage systems for healthcare institutions that can be used for designing or redesigning more competent signage systems. The signage systems in healthcare settings are usually poorly designed due to the expansion of the original facilities, a lack of awareness of existing guidelines by the developers, and a lack of agreement between the existing recom- mendations. There are several guidelines and recommendations available in the literature; how- ever, each work was developed for specific cultural contexts, so there is a lack of uniformity among them. Hence, there is a need to uniformize the guidelines for signage design in healthcare, in order to provide supportive information for developers to build and implement effective and efficient signage systems. This study examined the available literature on the subject and estab- lished a set of guidelines organized in categories to help the design process. A literature review was conducted, and 34 selected publications were analyzed from which recommendations were created. A best practices manual was also studied and used as the analytical framework to establish the design categories of the developed recommendations. This review resulted in guidelines divided into nine design categories that should be considered in the design and implementation process of signage systems in healthcare facilities.

Keywords

signage systems, design, healthcare facilities, healthcare environment, wayfinding, user perception

1 Instituto de Ciecirc;ncia e Inovaccedil;atilde;o em Engenharia Mecacirc;nica e Engenharia Industrial, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

2 Escola Superior de Media Artes e Design, Instituto Politeacute;cnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal

3 Instituto de Ciecirc;ncia e Inovaccedil;atilde;o em Engenharia Mecacirc;nica e Engenharia Industrial, Departamento de Engenharia Mecacirc;nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Corresponding Author:

Joatilde;o Manuel R. S. Tavares, Departamento de Engenharia Mecacirc;nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr.

Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. Email: tavares@fe.up.pt

Research shows that an improved hospital design can reduce stress of both patients and staff, increase efficacy of care, improve safety, and consequently improve the health outcomes of patients and overall healthcare quality. Much of the available literature indicates that an efficient spatial layout and an effective signage can have positive effects on perceptions of patients con- cerning the overall service (Chambers amp; Bow- man, 2011; Ulrich amp; Zimring, 2004).

Research shows that an improved hospital design can reduce stress of both patients and staff, increase efficacy of care, improve safety, and consequently improve the health outcomes of patients and overall healthcare quality.

As patients have greater access to information and take on more responsibility for their health, their demands to participate in their own hospital experiences grow (Carpman amp; Grant, 1993). Some scholars claim that designing supportive healthcare environments can enhance the recov- ery process and the psychological state of patients, mainly the elderly. Designers can help create these environments by considering the way users interact with the setting, which will there- fore require user involvement in the design pro- cess. Besides the healthcare services of a hospital, users require also assistance in terms of wayfinding.

Trulove, Sprague, and Colony (2000) defined the term wayfinding as “navigating from one place to another” and as “a very basic activity, one in which people engage throughout their lives.” They suggest that wayfinding should be a problem-solving activity, in which decisions are made through the interpretation of a system of navigational features that should contain clear paths with visual, verbal, and auditory clues.

One can say that wayfinding is a system rep- resented by physical and graphical signs that help users to make sense of where they are and how to get to the place they are looking for. Karimi (2015) claims that research has shown that vari- ous aspects related to navigating and the layout of the buildings affect wayfinding and can conse- quently result in navigational errors.

Basri and Sulaiman (2013) say that the “frustration caused by wayfinding difficulties not only provokes a negative opinion of the physical setting but that it also affects the perception of the public itself and the services offered in that setting” (p. 264). Changing the design of signage can be a way to improve user wayfinding abil- ities. Passini (1996) also shared this opinion when he argued that wayfinding difficulties can result in negative opinions of the physical setting, as well as undermine the name of the institute. Users end up having a negative experience due to get- ting lost in the building, miss an appointment because they were lost, or other problems result- ing from a lack of synchronization between the wayfinding elements. To be effective and effi- cient, signage must be considered with

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文献评论

医疗保健标牌设计：有效签名系统建议评述

健康环境研究与设计期刊

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2018年文章重用指南：

sagepub. com/日志权限 doi:10.117/193758671814822

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Rita Rodrigues，硕士，博士生¹，Rita Coelho，博士²和

Joa〜Manuel RS Tavares，博士³

摘要

本文提供了一系列建议，选自系统文献综述关于可用于设计或重新设计更有能力的标牌系统的医疗机构的标牌系统的实施。由于原始设

施的扩展，开发商缺乏对现有指南的认识以及现有建议之间缺乏一致性，医疗保健环境中的标牌系统通常设计较差。文献中有几个指南和建议;然而，每项工作都是针对特定的文化背景而开发的，因此它们之间缺乏统一性。因此，需要统一医疗保健中的标志设计指南，以便为开发者提供支持信息，以建立和实施有效和高效的标牌系统。本研究检查了有关该主题的现有文献，并建立了一系列指南，以帮助设计过程。进行了文献综述，分析了34种选定的出版物，从中提出了建议。还研究了最佳做法手册，并将其用作确定所制定建议的设计类别的分析框架。该审查导致指南分为九个设计类别，应在医疗机构标识系统的设计和实施过程中加以考虑。

关键词

标牌系统，设计，医疗保健设施，医疗保健环境，寻路，用户感知

¹Instituto de Ciencia eInovaccedil;〜em em Engenharia Mecanica e Engenharia Industrial，Faculdade de Engenharia，Universidade do Porto，Porto，Portugal

²Escola Superior de Media Artes e Design，Instituto Polite#39;cnico do Porto，Porto，Portugal ³Instituto de CienciaeInovacedil;a〜O em Engenharia Mecnica e Engenharia Industrial，Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica，Faculdade de Engenharia，Universidade do Porto，Porto，Portugal

通讯作者：

Joa〜Manuel RS Tavares，Dengeamento de Engenharia Mecanica，Faculdade de Engenharia，Universidade do Porto， Rua Dr.

Roberto Frias，s / n，4200-465葡萄牙波尔图。电子邮件：tavares@fe.up.pt

2 Health Environments Research amp; Design Journal XX(X)

研究表明，改进的医院设计可以减轻患者和员工的压力，提高护理效率，提高安全性，从而改善患者的健康状况和整体医疗质量。许多现有文献表明，有效的空间布局和有效的标志可以对患者对整体服务的看法产生积极影响（Chambers＆Bowman，2011; Ulrich ＆Zimring，2004）。

研究表明，改进的医院设计可以减轻患者和员工的压力，提高护理效率，提高安全性，从而改善患者的健康状况和整体医疗质量。

随着患者获得更多信息并承担更多的健康责任，他们参与自己医院体验的需求也在增长（Carpman＆Grant，1993）。一些学者声称，设计支持性医疗环境可以增强患者的康复过程和心理状态，主要是老年人。设计人员可以通过考虑用户与设置交互的方式来帮助创建这些环境，因此需要用户参与设计过程。除了医院的医疗服务外，用户还需要在寻路方面提供帮助。

Trulove ， Sprague 和 Colony （ 2000 ）将

“寻路”这一术语定义为“从一个地方导航到另一个地方”，并将其定义为“一种非常基本的活动，人们一生中都会参与其中。”他们认为寻路应该是一个解决问题的方法。活动，通过解释导航特征系统做出决定，导航特征应包含具有视觉，语言和听觉线索的清晰路径。

可以说，寻路是一种由物理和图形符号表示的系统，可帮助用户了解他们的位置以及如何到达他们正在寻找的地方。 Karimi （2015）声称，研究表明，与导航和建筑布局相关的各个方面都会影响寻路，从而导致导航误差。

Basri和Sulaiman（2013）表示，“寻路

困难引起的挫折感不仅引发了对身体环境的负面看法，而且还影响了公众本身的感知以及在该环境中提供的服务”（第264页）。改变标牌的设计可以提高用户寻路能力。Passini（1996）也赞同这一观点，他认为寻路困难可能导致对实际环境的负面看法，并破坏研究所的名称。用户最终由于在建筑物中迷路而导致负面体验，由于丢失而错过预约，或者由于寻路元素之间缺乏同步而导致的其他问题。为了有效和高效，必须在寻路系统的全局范围内考虑标志，这意味着其设计和开发应包括并探索所有寻路因素并考虑到标志以及访问和访问的用户的不同特征。在医疗保健环境中流通。

Hughes和Brown（2015）发现人们很重视能

够向员工询问方向。然而，就工作人员向用户指示所花费的成本和时间而言，这是负面的。为了克服这个问题，一些机构实施了由Planetree创建的方法，这是一个非营利性组织，为以患者为中心的康复环境提供教育（参见http://plane 树. 或声誉/).其中一项策略是培训所有工作人员以适当的方式提供指导。但是，如果标牌或地标等元素设计或实施不当，工作人员将继续难以有效地发出指示（Rechel，Buchan，＆McKee，2009）。例如，Mora，Oats和Marziano（2014）强调了

Ulrich在一家拥有604张病床的美国医院进行的一项研究，该研究显示，由于迷失方向的用户询问方向，每年将近4,500小时。该研究表明，在2004年，由于用户迷失方向造成的费用估计为202,000美元，相当于一名初级医生的年薪。这意味着即使有训练有素的工作人员，如果寻路系统的物理要素效率不高，也要进行导航

困难将继续，用户将继续迷失方向。

为了克服这些成本和对人力资源的影响，标牌系统需要与寻路系统的其他特征协调，例如建筑，地标等。如果组合不当，将会出现重大导航问题，这将对机构本身造成负面影响。Passini（1996）指出：

法规;（3）研究性学习应包括定量或定性研究方法;（4）所有研究应使用英语。

数据库和搜索步骤

2016年1月至3月进行的文献综述访问了

Science Direct，Scopus和Springer数据库，

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