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Author：Tobias Stucki，Martin Woerter
Intra-firm diffusion of green energy technologies and the choice of policy instruments
Journal of Cleaner Production 131 (2016) 545e560
Intra-firm Diffusion of Green Energy Technologies
and the Choice of Policy Instruments
绿色能源技术在企业内部的扩散
以及政策工具的选择
ETH Zurich, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
苏黎世联邦理工学院，KOF瑞士经济研究所，CH-8092瑞士苏黎世
Article history:
Received 19 October 2015
Received in revised form 23 March 2016
Accepted 28 April 2016
Available online 13 May 2016
ABSTRACT:
摘要：
Environmental benefits only unfold if green (environmentally friendly) technologies are widely diffused and intensively deployed within a firm. We investigate how different types of policies - directly and in combination - affect the number of different green energy technologies adopted by a single firm (intra-firm diffusion). Using data from a dedicated survey on the diffusion of green energy technologies of 1200 Swiss firms and applying well-identified econometric models, we found that energy taxes are a very effective policy instrument for the intra-firm diffusion of green energy technologies. Even more important, however, are non-political measures that show the largest effect among all tested instruments . Additional analyses show that (a) time-consistency in policy making is more important for energy tax regimes than for regulations and (b) no evidence for complementarities between the policy types could be identified.
只有当绿色（环境友好型）技术在企业内得到广泛推广和集中应用时，环境效益才会显现出来。针对不同类型的政策，我们将其进行不同的排列组合，研究其如何直接影响单个企业采用的不同绿色能源技术的数量（企业的内部扩散）。针对来自瑞士1200家采用绿色能源技术的企业的内部扩散调查数据，运用已确定的计量经济学模型，我们发现能源税是企业内部绿色能源技术扩散的一个非常有效的政策工具。然而，更重要的是非政治性措施，它们在所有测量中所呈现的影响最大。其他分析表明：（a）与规章制度相比，政策制定的时间一致性对能源税收制度更重要；（b）没有证据表明政策类型之间存在互补性。
Keywords:
关键词：
Technology adoption; Innovation; Policies; Intra-firm diffusion; Survey data
技术应用；创新；政策；企业内部扩散；调查数据
1. Introduction
1．介绍
Social/environmental benefits only unfold if green (environ-mentally friendly) technologies are intensively used and widely diffused. Quite often we observe that a technology which appears to be preferable to existing technologies will not be immediately chosen by firms. This is especially the case for “green technologies that are notoriously slower than traditional technologies at diffusing within and across firms” (Battisti, 2008, p.29). One important reason for this is that the greatest benefits from the adoption of green technologies are likely to be public rather than private, and therefore firms#39; willingness to pay for these technologies is low. As a consequence, policy intervention is required to stimulate the diffusion of green technologies. In-depth knowledge about the role of different policy instruments for the diffusion of green technologies is thus crucial.
只有当绿色（环境友好型）技术得到集中和广泛应用时，社会/环境效益才会显现出来。我们观察到，企业通常不会立即选择一种看似比现有技术更优越的技术，这一说法特别适合用来解释“绿色技术在企业内部和跨企业扩散方面比传统技术慢得多”（Battisti，2008，第29页）这一情况。其中，一个重要的原因是，采用绿色技术的最大好处可能是公共的而不是私人的，因此企业对这些技术的支付意愿很低，所以需要政策干预来刺激绿色技术的扩散。对此，深入了解不同政策工具在传播绿色技术方面的作用是至关重要的。
The literature distinguishes between inter- and intra-firm diffusion. “Inter-firm” refers to the diffusion of a technology between firms and “intra-firm” refers to the diffusion of a technology or type of technology within a firm, measured as an intensity variable or - like it has been shown in Battisti et al. (2009) - coded as a binary variable pointing at the use of different technologies of the same type, which can be seen as a measure of the breadth of diffusion within a firm.
文献对企业间和企业内部的扩散进行了区分。“企业间”是指企业之间技术的传播，“企业内部”是指企业内部技术或技术类型的扩散，以强度变量为衡量标准，就像Battisti等人（2009），把编码作为一个二元变量来指向使用相同类型的不同技术，这可看作是在企业内部扩散的衡量标准。
Although the literature is increasing there are still major gaps in the understanding of the relationship between green technology diffusion and the choice of policy instruments (Popp et al., 2010). First, although existing studies mainly focus on the inter-firm diffusion of green technologies, it could have been shown that intra-firm diffusion, i.e. the diffusion of a technology within a single firm, is crucial also for the understanding of the diffusion pattern of a technology in order to fully exploit the social benefits (Battisti and Stoneman, 2005; Battisti et al., 2007). This is especially important for green technologies since considerable environmental benefits, e.g. drastic CO2 reduction, only result if this type of technology is widely used within the firm. Hence, we measure intra-firm diffusion by the number of energy-saving technologies adopted by a firm. Actually, if a firm starts to “discover” the advantages of an energy-saving technology, it is likely that in the course of the time further parts of the value chain will be covered by different types of energy-saving technologies, which would clearly increase the benefits for the environment. Second, as existing studies mostly focus on the effect of a specific policy instrument for green technology diffusion, the relative impact of different policy types is rather unclear (exceptions are Popp, 2006; Frondel et al., 2007; Veugelers, 2012), although it better proxies economic reality.
虽然相关的文献在数量上不断增加，但在理解绿色技术扩散与政策工具选择之间的关系上，仍然存在较大差距（Popp等人，2010）。首先，虽然现有的研究主要集中在绿色技术在企业间的扩散，但在一定程度上也可能表明了企业的内部扩散，即技术在一个企业内部的扩散。这在理解扩散模式上显得尤为重要，它可以充分利用社会效益（Battisti和Stoneman，2005；Battisti等人，2007）。这对绿色技术来说至关重要，因为只有当这种技术在企业内部被广泛应用，才能产生可观的环境效益，
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