Spring Framework
The Spring Framework is an open source application framework and Inversion of Control container for the Java platform.
The first version was written by Rod Johnson, who released the framework with the publication of his book Expert One-on-One J2EE Design and Development in October 2002. The framework was first released under the Apache 2.0 license in June 2003. The first milestone release, 1.0, was released in March 2004, with further milestone releases in September 2004 and March 2005. The Spring 1.2.6 framework won a Jolt productivity award and a JAX Innovation Award in 2006. Spring 2.0 was released in October 2006, Spring 2.5 in November 2007, Spring 3.0 in December 2009, and Spring 3.1 in December 2011. The current version is 3.1.0.
The core features of the Spring Framework can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform. Although the Spring Framework does not impose any specific programming model, it has become popular in the Java community as an alternative to, replacement for, or even addition to the Enterprise JavaBean (EJB) model.
The Spring Framework comprises several modules that provide a range of services:
- Inversion of Control container: configuration of application components and lifecycle management of Java objects, done mainly via Dependency Injection
- Aspect-oriented programming: enables implementation of cross-cutting routines
- Data access: working with relational database management systems on the Java platform using JDBC and object-relational mapping tools and with NoSQL databases
- Transaction management: unifies several transaction management APIs and coordinates transactions for Java objects
- Model-view-controller: an HTTP- and servlet-based framework providing hooks for extension and customization for web applications and RESTful web services.
- Remote Access framework: configurative RPC-style export and import of Java objects over networks supporting RMI, CORBA and HTTP-based protocols including web services (SOAP)
- Convention-over-configuration: a rapid application development solution for Spring-based enterprise applications is offered in the Spring Roo module
- Batch processing: a framework for high-volume processing featuring reusable functions including logging/tracing, transaction management, job processing statistics, job restart, skip, and resource management
- Authentication and authorization: configurable security processes that support a range of standards, protocols, tools and practices via the Spring Security sub-project (formerly Acegi Security System for Spring).
- Remote Management: configurative exposure and management of Java objects for local or remote configuration via JMX
- Messaging: configurative registration of message listener objects for transparent message-consumption from message queues via JMS, improvement of message sending over standard JMS APIs
- Testing: support classes for writing unit tests and integration tests
Inversion of Control container (dependency injection)
Central to the Spring Framework is its Inversion of control container, which provides a consistent means of configuring and managing Java objects using reflection. The container is responsible for managing object lifecycles: creating objects, calling initialization methods, and configuring objects by wiring them together.
Objects created by the container are also called Managed Objects or Beans. Typically, the container is configured by loading XML files containing Bean definitions which provide the information required to create the beans.
Objects can be obtained by means of Dependency lookup or Dependency injection. Dependency lookup is a pattern where a caller asks the container object for an object with a specific name or of a specific type. Dependency injection is a pattern where the container passes objects by name to other objects, via either constructors, properties, or factory methods.
In many cases one need not use the container when using other parts of the Spring Framework, although using it will likely make an application easier to configure and customize. The Spring container provides a consistent mechanism to configure applications and integrates with almost all Java environments, from small-scale applications to large enterprise applications.
The container can be turned into a partially compliant EJB3 container by means of the Pitchfork project. Some criticize the Spring Framework for not complying with standards. However, Spring Source doesn#39;t see EJB3 compliance as a major goal, and claims that the Spring Framework and the container allow for more powerful programming models.
Aspect-oriented programming framework
The Spring Framework has its own AOP framework which modularizes cross-cutting concerns in aspects. The motivation for creating a separate AOP framework comes from the belief that it would be possible to provide basic AOP features without too much complexity in either design, implementation, or configuration. The Spring AOP framework also takes full advantage of the Spring Container.
The Spring AOP framework is interception based, and is configured at run time. This removes the need for a compilation step or load-time weaving. On the other hand, interception only allows for public method-execution on existing objects at a join point.
Compared to the AspectJ framework, Spring AOP is less powerful but also less complicated. Spring 1.2 includes support to configure AspectJ aspects in the container. Spring 2.0 added more integration with AspectJ; for example, the pointcut language is reused and can be mixed with Spring AOP-based aspects. Further, Spring 2.0
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外文资料
Spring Framework
The Spring Framework is an open source application framework and Inversion of Control container for the Java platform.
The first version was written by Rod Johnson, who released the framework with the publication of his book Expert One-on-One J2EE Design and Development in October 2002. The framework was first released under the Apache 2.0 license in June 2003. The first milestone release, 1.0, was released in March 2004, with further milestone releases in September 2004 and March 2005. The Spring 1.2.6 framework won a Jolt productivity award and a JAX Innovation Award in 2006. Spring 2.0 was released in October 2006, Spring 2.5 in November 2007, Spring 3.0 in December 2009, and Spring 3.1 in December 2011. The current version is 3.1.0.
The core features of the Spring Framework can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform. Although the Spring Framework does not impose any specific programming model, it has become popular in the Java community as an alternative to, replacement for, or even addition to the Enterprise JavaBean (EJB) model.
The Spring Framework comprises several modules that provide a range of services:
- Inversion of Control container: configuration of application components and lifecycle management of Java objects, done mainly via Dependency Injection
- Aspect-oriented programming: enables implementation of cross-cutting routines
- Data access: working with relational database management systems on the Java platform using JDBC and object-relational mapping tools and with NoSQL databases
- Transaction management: unifies several transaction management APIs and coordinates transactions for Java objects
- Model-view-controller: an HTTP- and servlet-based framework providing hooks for extension and customization for web applications and RESTful web services.
- Remote Access framework: configurative RPC-style export and import of Java objects over networks supporting RMI, CORBA and HTTP-based protocols including web services (SOAP)
- Convention-over-configuration: a rapid application development solution for Spring-based enterprise applications is offered in the Spring Roo module
- Batch processing: a framework for high-volume processing featuring reusable functions including logging/tracing, transaction management, job processing statistics, job restart, skip, and resource management
- Authentication and authorization: configurable security processes that support a range of standards, protocols, tools and practices via the Spring Security sub-project (formerly Acegi Security System for Spring).
- Remote Management: configurative exposure and management of Java objects for local or remote configuration via JMX
- Messaging: configurative registration of message listener objects for transparent message-consumption from message queues via JMS, improvement of message sending over standard JMS APIs
- Testing: support classes for writing unit tests and integration tests
Inversion of Control container (dependency injection)
Central to the Spring Framework is its Inversion of control container, which provides a consistent means of configuring and managing Java objects using reflection. The container is responsible for managing object lifecycles: creating objects, calling initialization methods, and configuring objects by wiring them together.
Objects created by the container are also called Managed Objects or Beans. Typically, the container is configured by loading XML files containing Bean definitions which provide the information required to create the beans.
Objects can be obtained by means of Dependency lookup or Dependency injection. Dependency lookup is a pattern where a caller asks the container object for an object with a specific name or of a specific type. Dependency injection is a pattern where the container passes objects by name to other objects, via either constructors, properties, or factory methods.
In many cases one need not use the container when using other parts of the Spring Framework, although using it will likely make an application easier to configure and customize. The Spring container provides a consistent mechanism to configure applications and integrates with almost all Java environments, from small-scale applications to large enterprise applications.
The container can be turned into a partially compliant EJB3 container by means of the Pitchfork project. Some criticize the Spring Framework for not complying with standards. However, Spring Source doesn#39;t see EJB3 compliance as a major goal, and claims that the Spring Framework and the container allow for more powerful programming models.
Aspect-oriented programming framework
The Spring Framework has its own AOP framework which modularizes cross-cutting concerns in aspects. The motivation for creating a separate AOP framework comes from the belief that it would be possible to provide basic AOP features without too much complexity in either design, implementation, or configuration. The Spring AOP framework also takes full advantage of the Spring Container.
The Spring AOP framework is interception based, and is configured at run time. This removes the need for a compilation step or load-time weaving. On the other hand, interception only allows for public method-execution on existing objects at a join point.
Compared to the AspectJ framework, Spring AOP is less powerful but also less complicated. Spring 1.2 includes support to configure AspectJ aspects in the container. Spring 2.0 added more integration with AspectJ; for example, the pointcut language is reused and can be mixed with Spring AO
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