拉各斯泻湖的旅游景观特点适宜性用户感知外文翻译资料

Usersrsquo; Perception of Suitability of Landscape Features of the Lagos Lagoon for Tourism

Uduma-Olugu, N.^[a],*;Obiefuna, J. N.^[a]; Okedele, O. S.^[a]

Abstract

The Lagos lagoon is a major geographical feature in Lagos Metropolis and is the largest of the network of lagoons that stretch from the Republic of Benin through to the Nigerian Niger Delta. Some parts of the Lagos lagoon waterfront has degenerated into a slum with non-distinctive housing, mainly shanties at various points, wood processing, sand dredging, markets and commercial fishing activities. Water-based tourism is a proven revenue earner globally, usually providing revenue for the government and a source of enjoyment, employment and recreation to the residents and visitors alike. The tourism potentials of the lagoon remain largely untapped. To determine the place of landscape features of the Lagos Lagoon in its suitability for tourism, the paper evaluates its landscape characteristics and compares the perception of users of water-based recreation destinations along the waterfront with those of users of similar tourist attractions along the Lagos coast. The aim of the study is to answer questions of landscape perception and assessment of the area and to identify other factors which may be of relevance to its tourism development. Using structured questionnaires with pictures of the landscape features of the lagoon, field survey and interviews, the study identified the communities, problems, and factors influencing tourism at three venues on the lagoon waterfront and three water tourism venues along the Lagos coast. Results show that the landscape characteristics of the lagoon have a very significant effect on tourism in the area. It also identified the major factors influencing the tourism development of the Lagos Lagoon. The outcome of the research will be of benefit to property owners, industry practitioners and policy makers in determining appropriate facilities and land-use planning options in developing the natural resource.

Key words:

Landscape assessment; Perception; Water tourism; Water-based recreation; Coastal tourism; Lagos Lagoon.

INTRODUCTION

Lagos State was created in May 1967 and 22 percent of its landmass is dominated by lagoons, creeks, rivers and swamps (Oshundeyi amp; Babarinde, 2003) . Due to its location -- with Badagry on the west, Lekki in the east, and Lagos Lagoon with an outlet to the sea, Lagos was the gateway for European contact with the Nigerians on the coast from colonial times. Usually described as the state of aquatic splendor, Metropolitan Lagos is replete with ubiquitous creeks, bays, lagoons, coastlines and breath -taking scenic views; since it consists mostly of water, it therefore has a high capability to benefit from water tourism. There is however, insufficient emphasis on water as a tool for recreation and tourism in Lagos. Instead, water-based sites are largely neglected and they lie fallow and under-utilized (Uduma-Olugu amp; Oduwaye, 2010). The existing developed waterfront sites in Lagos do not appear to have adequate infrastructure, nor do they present water-use in ways that are sufficiently appealing to tourists (Uduma-Olugu amp; Iyagba, 2009b; Uduma-Olugu amp; Onukwube, 2012).

The landscape characteristics of a place determines its character and subsequently, its uses (Gnoth,1997; Swaffield, 1999). The landscape features and characteristics of the Lagos Lagoon are key to determining the usage of the lagoon. Apart from water which is its main feature, its vegetation, land form, land cover, ecology, human settlement and general scenic quality are major assets in land use and management (Daniel amp; Boster, 1976). All these affect its usefulness for tourism or recreation. One of the key indicators of a placersquo;s character, is its landscape – comprising not only of the landcover and landscape quality, but also of its very essence which can be captured when the landscape is assessed and evaluated, using pre-determined parameters (Swaffield, 1999). The uniqueness or otherwise of a place can influence tourism.

Traditionally, water-based resources, either coastlines or lakes, are important tourism resources (Gunn, 2002).

Globally, tourism has been identified as a major revenue source and continues to grow in popularity. In this blooming tourism industry, the Americans, Europeans and Asians are far ahead of Africa (UNWTO, 2011).

Tourism along the coast receives more attention and is better developed than on the lagoon as attested to the popularity of places like Bar Beach, Kuramo beach and Lekki/Maiyegun Beach (Oshundeyi amp; Babarinde, 2003). Adejumo (2010) explored the economic impact of rural coastal beach tourism of Eleko beach. Some of the problems he identified as plaguing the water tourism industry include; lack of tourism product development, lack of government support, poor social capital, lack of financial resources and lack of human resources. Cultural issues were examined by Aina and Babatola (2010) in their study of its effect on a sustainable tourism development strategy for rural areas. Studies by Uduma-Olugu and Onukwube (2012) explored the potentials of tourism in some of these coastal tourism venues and highlighted the deficiencies in the provided facilities.

METHODOLOGY

A desktop study was done to identify the landscape resources in the area, verified and upgraded by personal observation via a field survey where the existing features were recorded. The motivation for selection of a destination were identified from the literature review is based on how the potential tourist perceives the location, as well as word-of-mouth and previous experience of the venue. These were covered by questions which dealt with facilities and factors as well as how a person feels

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拉各斯泻湖的旅游景观特点适宜性用户感知

摘要

拉各斯的泻湖是拉各斯大都市的主要地理特征，是舒展贝宁共和国通过向尼日利亚尼日尔最大的三角洲泻湖网络。拉各斯泻湖海滨的一些地区是非区别性的住房，主要是棚户区有不同点，例如：木材加工，挖沙，市场和商业捕鱼活动。水为基础的旅游是一个公认的、全球内的收入来源，收入通常提供给政府，为居民和游客提供享受、就业和娱乐的资源。泻湖的旅游潜力，基本上仍尚未开发。要确定拉各斯泻湖适合旅游，具有景观特色的地方。本文评估其景观特征，并根据用户的感知评价，把拉各斯海岸水上娱乐目的地与同类旅游景点进行比较。这项研究的目的是要回答的景观感知和地区的评估问题，并确定可能发展的相关性旅游业的其他因素。使用经过实地调查和走访，并且结合了泻湖景观特色图片的问卷，研究确定了拉各斯的泻湖海滨的三个旅游场所的社区问题，和影响旅游业的因素。结果表明，泻湖的景观特征对该地区的旅游业有非常显著的效果，这也确定了影响拉各斯泻湖的旅游业发展的主要因素。这项研究的结果将是有利于业主，行业从业者和政策制定者在决定开发自然资源相应的配套设施和土地利用规划方案。

关键词

景观评估;知觉;水上旅游;水上娱乐;滨海旅游业;拉各斯泻湖。

介绍

拉各斯州在1967年5月创建，其陆地面积的22％是由泻湖，溪流，河流和沼泽（Oshundeyi＆Babarinde，2003）为主。由于它的位置——Badagry在西，莱基在东，同时莱基在拉各斯泻湖的出海口，拉各斯是网关上从殖民时代海岸与欧洲尼日利亚人接触。通常它被描述为水产辉煌的国家，首都拉各斯充满了无处不在的小溪，海湾，泻湖，海岸线和深呼吸的美景;因为它是由主要是水，因此它具有高的能力，以从水中旅游业受益。然而水作为娱乐和旅游在拉各斯的工具这一点没有被重视。相反，以水为基础的设备都在很大程度上被忽视，他们休耕和利用不足（Uduma-Olugu＆Oduwaye，2010）。在拉各斯现有开发滨水站点没有出现有足够的基础设施，也没有出现水利用的方式，有足够的吸引力，游客（Uduma-Olugu＆Iyagba，2009年b; Uduma-Olugu＆Onukwube，2012）。

一个地方的景观特征决定了其性质，随后，它的用途（Gnoth，1997; Swaffield，1999）。景观特色和拉各斯泻湖的特点是关键，决定于泻湖的使用。除了水是它的主要特点，它的植被，土地的形式，土地覆盖，生态，人居和一般景区质量都在土地利用和管理（丹尼尔＆博士德，1976）主要资产。所有这些都影响了它在旅游或娱乐。一个地方的性格的关键指标，是其景观 - 不仅包括的土地覆盖和景观质量，同时也Swaffield可当景观评估和评价被捕获，利用预先确定的参数，它的本质（， 1999）。在一个地方的独特性或其他可能影响旅游业。

传统上，水性资源，无论是海岸线或湖泊，都是重要的旅游资源（耿氏，2002）。

在全球范围内，旅游业已经被确定为主要的收入来源，并继续增长且受欢迎。在这日益昌盛的旅游业，美国人，欧洲人和亚洲人都遥遥领先非洲（UNWTO，2011年）。

沿海旅游受到更多的关注，比作为印证了像酒吧海滩，海滩KURAMO和莱基/ Maiyegun海滩（Oshundeyi＆Babarinde，2003年）的地方普及泻湖更好的发展。 Adejumo（2010）探讨了Eleko海滩乡村滨海沙滩旅游的经济影响。一些他认定为困扰水上旅游产业，包括存在的问题;缺乏旅游产品的开发，在缺乏政府的支持下，穷人的社会资本缺乏财政资源和人力资源。文化问题被艾娜和Babatola（2010）在其对农村地区旅游业可持续发展的战略影响他们的学习考察。研究由Uduma-Olugu和Onukwube（2012）探讨旅游业在一些沿海旅游场所的潜力，并强调在所提供的设施不足。

研究方法

一项桌面研究用于识别该地区的景观资源，由个人通过实地调查现有的特征记录来验证并提升。为选择一个目的地的动机是从文献回顾是基于潜在游客如何感知位置，口碑和先前的场地的经验。这些被处理设施和因素以及一个人如何感觉在旅游场所的问题所涵盖。各种各样的因素构成拉各斯湖的景观特征不同程度地影响其旅游业，其效果以调查问卷表来测量，并用李克特量表来衡量他们的影响水平的各种因素。

问卷包括了类型的问题，如选择题，李克特量表，封闭式和开放式问题相结合，与受访者的意见。五种映射的景观类别的偏好与相同的景观专家评分进行了比较。照片问卷呈现了20张黑白照片，展示学习网站的植被和地貌特征。摄影地点是在协商选定与植物和景观专家，代表一系列相关主导品种和景观人力修饰度。一张相同的却更大的，彩色的图片加上了调查问卷，因为黑白照片在问卷上显得太小也不够清晰。

发现

这项研究由地点在拉各斯泻湖（Unilag海滨，莱基阶段1会所的研究范围内的三级水为基础的休闲景点。

表4.3

ANOVA

圣廷苑和Origin动物园和码头，Ipakodo，伊科罗杜），并在拉各斯海岸沿海三水性旅游目的地靠近拉各斯（酒吧海滩，阿尔法海滩和Maiyegun/莱基海滩）。

表4.1

研究地点摘要

Table 4.1 indicates the locations surveyed – the highest number of respondents came from Unilag waterfront – 32.5% (137) and the least from Maiyegun/Lekki Beach 6.4% (27).

表4.1表明被调查的地点 - 最多的受访者来自Unilag海滨 - 32.5％（137），并有来自Maiyegun/莱基海滩6.4％（27）。

人口统计变量的可靠性分析

表4.2

可靠性统计

从表4.2中，问卷的可靠性的基础上标准化的信度的准则测试得到作为0.849（84.9％）。结果表明，评价（问卷）的仪器是高度从这一事实可靠判定其84.9％gt;70％。也有在用于数据采集仪器（问卷）的物品的内部一致性。

从ANOVA测试来看，由于P1的值=0.000lt;0.05的显着水平，该仪器的可靠性是显著。这进一步验证了该仪器的必要性。

4.2受访者的社会经济人口统计学

表4.4

摘要社会人口变量

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