外文原文
Influence of the position of a UHF-RFID tag relative to the antenna in the information reading
Abstract
The main idea of this paper is to determine the influence of the position and the angle of a tag in the reading of an RFID system, therefore we have developed two different experiments. In the first one, a model with a tag was moved perpendicular to two antennas fixed to a vertical support. In the second one, the same model was moved through two vertical supports with two RFID-UHF antennas each. The results show that the position and the angle of the tag broadly affect the distance of the measurements obtained.
Keywords: Logistics; RFID; tag positions; reading distances.
1. Introduction
The Radio Frequency Identification, also known as RFID, is a two-way automatic identification technology which is given between antennas, tags and a reader (or middleware), as seen in Figure 1, through radio waves, therefore requires no contact or line of sight Runxian et al. (2005).
The RFID has been taken as an important application in operations both of logistics as of the supply chain Angeles (2005) however, even though this technology is being used more and more frequently, its application is not exempt from obstacles Zhu (2012) being the three most important challenges of this: i) The effects generated by various materials in the antennas, ii) The collision caused by simultaneous radio transmission and iii) The impact of the orientation between the tag and the antennas on the reception Wu (2006).
Fig. 1. RFID technology.
2. RFID and logistics
The literature on RFID is very wide and varied as it reflects how this technology has been applied in many areas of human activity, only in logistics management and supply chain administration there are many examples of how radio frequency identification has been used in various activities within logistics operators, being proof jobs like Mingxiu et al. (2012), where they make a detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the application of RFID in so-called 3PLs (third party logistics), or the one of Prasanna and M. Hemalatha (2012) who studied how this technology can be very useful in load balancing within the trucks. Likewise, other authors such as Lee and Chan (2009) have studied the RFID as a valuable tool for managing reverse logistics. Even more, Yang et al. (2011) have analyzed the application of this type of automatic identification in cases of humanitarian logistics. A complete review of the various applications of RFID in operations related with logistics and the Supply Chain Administration can be found in the work of Sarac et al. (2012).
A complete review of the various applications of RFID in operations related with logistics and the Supply Chain Administration can be found in the work of Sarac et al. (2012) Despite the fact that the application of Radio Frequency Identification in logistics environments has been extensively studied in the literature, this is not entirely true for certain issues.
Among the few contributions related to how the reception is affected by the orientation between the tag and the antennas, is the work of Laniel et al. (2011) who sought to determine the optimal placement of the antennas of Radio Frequency to achieve complete readability of the RFID tags placed inside a shipping container refrigerated to -25°C and fully loaded of bread. Likewise, is worth mentioning the work of Laniel et al. (2009) who studied the effect of the antenna position and the frequency in RF wave propagation within an empty container.
It is because of the lack of information on this topic that our research aims to provide new data on the last of the previously mentioned limitations that RFID technology still has, by developing various experiments to determine how the positions of the tags and the antennas affect the distance in which the tags can be read.
3. The experiment
3.1 Experiment design
Were defined two scenarios attempting to model actual work situations in logistics environments i) Simulating the reading of packages moving on a conveyor belt, modeled by approximating, perpendicularly, a cubic box of 0,30m aside in which has been adhered a tag, through two antennas placed one above the other at 0,60m between them and with the ground and ii) simulating the operation in a load dock by passing the same box through the center of two poles faced at a distance of 2,55m and the antennas separate at 0,60m, both cases illustrated in Figure 2. All the experiments were performed at a constant speed of 1 m/s and a temperature of 23°C /- 2°C.
Once designed the two study scenarios, were decided diverse factors to be evaluated in each of them, related both to the positions in which the product is moved as in the surface and angle in which the tag is located. These are presented in Figure 3 and were chosen because, due to the variability in the dynamics of logistics management, the search for simplifying operations in standard processes is a feature practically constant in most sector companies.
Fig. 2. (a) The experiment design; (b) Tag positions.
At the same time settled 3 possible heights in which perform the measurements i) The height of the lower antenna center, ie 0,60m above the ground, ii) 0,90m and iii) The height of the center of the upper antenna, ie 1,20m. Both the position and angle of the tags as the height at which the product is transported, are the same for both scenarios.
In order to obtain statistical validity each trial, ie each of the possible combinations (height, position and angle), had a total of 25 measurements with the purpose that the sample mean obtained from the variable 'distance reading' would be representative and proximate to reality
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附录A 外文译文
信息阅读中UHF-RFID标签相对于天线的位置的影响
Jesuacute;s Royo, Pilar Lambaacute;n , Javier Valencia
摘要
本文的主要思想是确定标签在阅读RFID系统时的位置和角度的影响,因此我们开发了两个不同的实验。 在第一个中,带有标签的模型被垂直移动到固定到垂直支撑的两个天线。 在第二个,同样的模型是通过两个垂直支持两个RFID-UHF天线。 结果显示标签的位置和角度广泛地影响所获得的测量的距离。
关键词:物流;RFID; 标签位置; 阅读距离。
1.介绍
射频识别也称为RFID,是一种双向自动识别技术,通过无线电波在天线,标签和阅读器(或中间件)之间给出,如图1所示,因此不需要接触或线 视线润仙等人。(2005年)。
无论RFID在物流还是供应链运作中都是一个重要的应用,但是,即使这个技术越来越频繁地使用,它的应用也不能免于障碍。 三个最重要的挑战是:i)各种材料在天线中产生的影响; ii)同时发生的无线电传输造成的碰撞; iii)标签和天线之间的方位对接收的影响Wu(2006)。
2. RFID和物流
关于RFID的文献是非常广泛和多样的,因为它反映了这种技术如何应用于人类活动的许多领域,只有在物流管理和供应链管理中,有很多例子说明如何在物流内部的各种活动中使用射频识别经营者,如明秀等人的证明工作。 (2012),他们详细分析了在所谓的第三方物流(第三方物流)中使用RFID的优缺点,或者是Prasanna和M. Hemalatha(2012)研究这种技术如何成为可能在卡车内的负载平衡中非常有用。同样,Lee和Chan(2009)等其他作者也研究了RFID作为管理逆向物流的宝贵工具。更多的是,杨等人。 (2011年)分析了这种自动识别在人道主义后勤方面的应用情况。在Sarac等人的工作中,可以找到RFID在与物流和供应链管理有关的各种应用中的全面回顾。 (2012年)。
在Sarac等人的工作中,可以找到RFID在与物流和供应链管理有关的各种应用中的全面回顾。 (2012)尽管文献中广泛研究了射频识别技术在物流环境中的应用,但在某些问题上并不完全正确。
在与标签和天线之间的方向如何影响接收的少数贡献之中,Laniel等人的工作。 (2011)试图确定无线电频率天线的最佳位置,以实现放置在冷藏至-25°C的运输容器内的RFID标签的完全可读性以及满载的面包。同样值得一提的是Laniel等人的工作。 (2009)研究了空容器内天线位置和射频波传播频率的影响。
这是因为缺乏关于这个话题的信息,我们的研究旨在通过开发各种实验来确定标签和天线的位置如何影响RFID技术仍然存在的上述限制的最后一个限制可以读取标签的距离。
3.实验
3.1实验设计
定义了两种情景,试图模拟物流环境中的实际工作情况:1)模拟在传送带上移动的包装的读数,通过近似垂直地近似于一个已经粘贴了标签的0.30m的立方体箱子,通过两个天线放置在它们之间和地面之间的距离为0,60米处; ii)通过将相同的盒子穿过面对距离为2,55米的两极的中心来模拟装载码头中的操作,所有的实验均以1m / s的恒定速度和23℃ /- 2℃的温度进行。
一旦设计了两种研究方案,就决定了在每个方案中要评估的多种因素,涉及产品移动的位置,如标签所在的表面和角度。这些在图3中给出并且被选择,因为由于物流管理动态的可变性,在大多数行业公司中搜索简化标准流程的操作是实际上不变的特征。
同时确定了3个可能的高度,其中进行测量i)下天线中心的高度,即地面以上0,60m,ii)0,90m和iii)上天线中心的高度,即1,20m。标签的位置和角度作为产品运输的高度在两种情况下都是相同的。
为了获得统计有效性,每个试验(即每个可能的组合(高度,位置和角度))总共进行了25次测量,目的是从变量“距离读数”获得的样本平均值将是代表性的并且接近于现实按照中心极限定理。
3.2使用的设备
为了实验的发展,使用表1中详述的设备。
选择SIMATIC RF660A天线是因为它适用于生产和物流的许多应用,也因为它用于发送和接收超高频(UHF)信号。 UHF SIMATIC RF660R中间件的选择是因为其多功能性能够与两个,三个或四个天线配合使用,并且通过以太网或RS232可以轻松地为后续系统提供读取数据。此外,它决定选择铝镶嵌标签,因为这些提供了比银或铜更好的性能。
4.结果
在所研究的每个casuistries进行25次测量后得到的平均值列于表3-8作为附件提供。
为了确定所研究的每个因素与阅读距离(即,如图2中详述的高度,位置和角度)的程度,已经进行了方差分析ANOVA。
ANOVA表明,对于使用2个天线进行的试验,所有变量与距离有显着的关系,按照以下顺序:1.高度,2.角度和3.位置。
在四个天线的实验中,方差分析表明,只有两个特征对距离有显着的影响,与放置标签的角度最相关,而放置标签的表面位置次之。表2列出了由Minitab 15进行的ANOVA分析得到的值的总结。
Table 2. Analysis of variances (ANOVA).
|
2 Antennas |
4 Antennas |
|||
|
Variable to be evaluated |
Fisher F |
P |
Fisher F |
P |
|
Height |
2.33 |
0.119 |
0.25 |
0.779 |
|
Surface |
0.96 |
0.396 |
2.24 |
0.128 |
|
Angle |
1.32 |
0.286 |
7.98 |
0.002 |
类似地,确定所研究的变量是否显示正常的行为以便进行未来的估计,这是使用图3中所示的残差图的分析进行的。可以看出,这些图显示变量显着地接近正态曲线。
由于这项研究的结果,在物流环境中应用RFID技术时,所研究的因素是特别重要的一些组合,其中,平均距离最高的实验是9,27m,达到了放置两个天线,并将盒子以90°的角度通过盒子的侧面90°的标签。相反发生了两个天线的安排
标签放置在45°的角度,但在上表面,并通过盒子高度为120米,因为获得的距离最低,平均为22.4厘米。
在使用4个天线进行测试的情况下,最大距离为2,159米,高度为0.60米,将标签放置在盒子顶部,倾斜角度为90°,最小值为0.31米,就是把箱子放到了120米的位置上,前面的标签也是90度的角度。
5.结论
这项工作旨在提供有关RFID系统的距离如何影响物品通过的高度以及标签在其上的位置的新信息。
得到了一些重要的结论,比如两个天线进行的试验中达到的最大距离,与人们预期的相反。这与通过比较在所讨论的因素的相同组合下获得的两个和四个天线的结果的事实一致,在所研究的二十个节点中仅五个使用更多的天线获得更大的距离。
此外,从Anova分析得出的结论是,所有分析的因素都与距离保持强烈的关系,除了使用四根天线进行测试时,产品通过的高度。
虽然这项工作产生了新的信息,如何研究因素影响运作的RFID在物流环境中,仍然需要扩大这些问题的知识分析其他变量,如温度或运动的速度作为深化已经治疗的研究,增加每个值的范围。
感谢
Javier Valencia感谢CONACYT和CONCIYTEY授予的博士奖学金。
附件
Table 3. The mean values with 2 antennas at a height of 60cm above the ground
|
Position |
Angle |
of measured |
of measured |
Confidence |
Confidence |
|
|
distances |
distances |
interval - (95%) |
interval (95%) |
|||
|
FRONT |
90° |
227,92 |
53,08 |
0,23 |
249,83 |
|
|
FRONT |
45° |
251,68 |
41,11 |
0,16 |
268,65 |
|
|
FRONT |
0° |
425,56 |
34,41 |
0,08 |
439,77 |
|
|
SUPERIOR |
90° |
174,76 |
28,34 |
163,06 |
186,46 |
|
|
SUPERIOR |
45° |
62,60 |
2,80 |
61,44 |
63,76 |
|
|
SUPERIOR |
0° |
154,08 |
17,66 |
146,79 |
161,37 |
|
|
LATERAL |
90° |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
LATERAL |
45° |
197,00 |
20,39 |
188,58 |
205,42 |
|
|
LATERAL |
0° |
81,92 |
16,81 |
74,98 |
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