在美国,律师是最不开心,最受人尊敬的富人外文翻译资料

 2022-10-22 04:10

American Legal Education and Professional Despair

Lawyers are among the most unhappy, least respected wealthy people in America.

Unhappy? At any given time, roughly 19 percent of lawyers suffer from depression, a rate almost triple that of the general population.1 Lawyers are twice as likely to suffer from drinking problems, with 20 percent afflicted.2 Numerous studies paint a picture of a profession besieged with high levels of stress, deep anxiety, high rates of suicide attempts, and deep discomfort with job choices.3

The anecdotes are equally vivid. An amusing animation describing the gap between the ideals of prospective law schools and the reality of law firm practice has soared to over a million YouTube views.4 The blogosphere is littered with popular websites dedicated to exposing the woes of the legal profession, and one canrsquo;t attend any significant gathering of lawyers without hearing endless lamentations regarding work hours, purposelessness, and money.

But by some objective measures, all this wailing is almost absurdly misplaced. The Bureau of Labor Statistics put the 2009 mean annual wage for the nationrsquo;s more than 550,000 lawyers at $129,020—and that was in the midst of a recession. The mean wage topped $150,000 in Washington, D.C., New York, California, and Delaware.5 If you asked untold millions of Americans if an annual salary exceeding $120,000 would materially contribute to their well-being, they would answer with a resounding “yes.” For a large percentage of lawyers, however, this substantial slice of the economic pie doesnrsquo;t come close to buying happiness.

There are, no doubt, many reasons for the morale crisis in the legal profession. After all, not many people like lawyers. In an annual Harris poll, law firms are in the bottom five institutions in public confidence (along with Congress, Wall Street, the press, and labor unions), with only 13 percent of the population expressing a great deal of confidence in the leaders of the legal profession. By contrast, military leaders inspire confidence in 59 percent of Americans.6

Further, many aspects of legal work are objectively stressful. Litigation is rife with conflict even in the most courteous jurisdictions, and trials are known to tax the endurance of even the most seasoned litigators. During my law firm days, wersquo;d schedule vacations after large trials, knowing full well that wersquo;d be utterly exhausted for days following the verdict (and inevitable post-trial motions).

Additionally, the type of people attracted to the legal profession may not be all that pleasant. At least one psychologist has noted that lawyers tend to be perfectionists and pessimists.7 This makes intuitive sense: perfectionists tend to do well in school, and they also possess the attention to detail necessary for good legal work, but pessimism is perfectionismrsquo;s inevitable handmaiden. We canrsquo;t be perfect, the system often fails, and constant exposure to the darker corners of humanity (after all, most people seek legal help only when something has gone wrong) leads to cynicism. As one veteran attorney told me my first week on the job, “The practice of law would be greathellip;if it werenrsquo;t for clients.”

Moreover, interacting with perfectionist pessimists can be difficult. In organizations, lawyers are often seen as hurdles to cross, not enablers in organizational success. “This will have to pass legal” becomes a statement of dread as lawyers rain on parades, scold clients for causing potential—not actual—problems, and generally act as the stereotypical schoolmarms of the present age, smacking with rulers anyone who strays beyond the lines.

But therersquo;s another culprit in legal despair, another force working in the hearts of young lawyers-to-be, a force with outsized influence in their future success but with seemingly minimal awareness of their looming professional reality: law schools.

In no other professional school is there a starker gap between the profession as practiced and the profession as taught. Not only does law school fail to prepare students for their professional life, it often actually sets them up for defeat and disappointment. In short, law school promises more than it can deliver financially, professionally—and perhaps most critically— emotionally. If lawyers are on a path to despair and disappointment, law schools put them on that path and give them a hardy shove down the way.

Fuzzy Finances

First, the finances. On January 8, 2011, the New York Times published a lengthy story that represents in-depth mainstream reporting at its best. Called “Is Law School a Losing Game?” the article lays out in devastating detail the changing financial landscape of modern legal education.8 On the front end, costs are skyrocketing. The U.S. News amp; World Report law school rankings indicate that even tier 3 and tier 4 schools are charging as much as $44,000 per year for tuition, with many schools charging well over $30,000.美国的法律教育和专业的绝望

在美国,律师是最不开心,最受人尊敬的富人。

同样生动的轶事。一个有趣的动画描述法学院未来的理想与法律事务所的实践这一现实之间的差距已经飙升到一百万YouTube的观点。博客充斥着致力于揭露法律职业的困境的流行网站,并且一个不能出席任何重大会议的律师完全没有听到关于工作时间、无目的和金钱无休止的耶利米哀歌。

毫无疑问,在法律职业里,有关斗志的危机的有许多原因。毕竟,没有多少人喜欢律师。在一年一度的哈里斯民意调查中,律师事务所在五机构中是公众信心最低的(还有国会,华尔街,媒体,和工会),只有13%的人口表示对法律职业的领导人有强烈的信心。相比之下,59%的美国人对军事领导人充满信心

还有,有种类型的人吸引到法律职业可能不是那么愉快。至少一位心理学家指出,律师往往是完美主义者和悲观主义者。这造成了一种直观认识:完美主义者倾向于在学校做得很好,他们也拥有做好法律工作所需的对细节的关注,但是悲观主义不可避免的是完美主义的侍女。我们不完美,系统就会常常出错,不断接触人类的黑暗的角落(毕竟,大多数人只有当出现问题时才寻求法律帮助),导致犬儒主义。作为一个资深律师告诉我我第一个星期的工作,“法律的实践太好了hellip;如果没有客户。”

但是还有另一个罪魁祸首是法律绝望,有一股力量在他们未来的成功有巨大影响,但似乎很少意识迫在眉睫的专业的现实:法律学校,另一种力量是工作的年轻律师。

模糊的财务状况

但这巨大的支出代表一个好的金融投资吗?学校竭尽全力向学生保证。就业统计数据是极度夸大成功毕业。这些行为包括:

例如法律研究生,可认定为“九个月后使用”即使他或她有一份工作,不需要一个法律学位。在阿普尔比连锁餐厅的服务生吗?你被雇佣。袜子过道家得宝吗?你也能工作。就业数据完全建立在自我报告和忽略没有响应的毕业生,这一过程本身可能倾斜数字更高(“因为高薪工作的毕业生比在无线电器材公司一个小时赚9美元的人更有可能做出回应”)

考虑到这种透明地统计方法上的缺陷,也就不足为奇了,至少有一个有影响力的评论家,印第安纳大学的威廉·亨德森毛雷尔法学院,称之为“Enron-type会计”。

但工作承诺和工作之间的不匹配的现实只是一个金融现象的一部分。当初始助学贷款到期时,大的起薪变得相当小,并且最近法律毕业生很快意识到——与许多职业一样——真正赚钱的一闪而过,但是少数。许多律师,实现富有是一个终生的过程,而不是直接的(甚至中期)法学院教育的结果。

他们也不邀请客人。诚然,我的哈佛法学院(学生)和康奈尔大学法律(讲师)前景倾斜了,但我们的课堂演讲嘉宾提出了一个名副其实的繁荣,名声和美德。从暴徒律师(谢谢你,德肖维茨教授,特别是娱乐类)到联邦法官,再到电视演说头部特写活动家,传达的信息是明确的:繁荣,和兴奋,触手可及。

在某种程度上,这种炒作是可以理解的,甚至可能是可以原谅如果法学院培养学生为即将作为律师,代表客户的专业挑战和他们的实际角色。

到目前为止还好,但是学生换取第二年的学习,所有法学院都是这样,但有不同的科目。一年级学习侵权、合同、刑法常规法律,(有时)宪法成为二年级担保交易,先进的刑事诉讼程序,法院和联邦法院的常规课程,。一般情况下,第一年花了两个小时的功课,第二年可以在20分钟内完成和第三年在十分钟中内完成。这决不是说学生已经掌握了这些课程,受试者的知识范围很大了。而是,他们已经掌握了案例研究方法。不多,也不少。

后果是不难想象的。对于那些法律学生最初选择我为了追求“大公司”的职业轨道,义不容辞的暑期工作是一个合法的迪斯尼乐园,游行昂贵的午餐,无利可图的繁忙的工作,和特殊的事件,即使用最严格的形式,不能比较出“真正的工作。“我的一个暑期工作包括连夜赶往芝加哥,在Wrigley棒球场非常棒的幼崽比赛的门票,和之后在芝加哥一个不错的餐馆壮观的牛排晚餐。

说起第一份工作的现实。我永远不会忘记那一刻合伙人递给我的那打文件,让我仔细检查它们,“起草一份投诉违反合同。”他不妨让我重新设计航天飞机外部燃料箱。我记得当时在想,“我读这些文件后,我可以写五千字关于这笔交易受如何压迫女性和少数族裔,但我一点都不知道如何讲述法律要求。

间接损害赔偿

每年我对很多优秀的私立学校、中等层大学和优秀的国家机构中法律专业的学生说。当我在康奈尔大学法律,除了教学法学学生,我在招生委员会工作和检查了数以百计的学生申请。在我的律师事务所,我在招聘委员会和在校园度过了一天又一天的采访中,与一个又一个的法律系学生hellip;。

开始在选择过程中,我看着,困惑,因为同事始终首选的理想主义的学生更赤裸裸的物欲横流的申请者。表示希望“追求社会正义”或“帮助移民的农场工人”总是战胜了高盛(Goldman Sachs)的工作目标。“不够多样化,”他们想要说,甚至对有抱负的非洲裔美国投资银行家。

甚至那些选择律师事务所的生活,并寻求公益活动的学生,认为生活方式改善,并把法律公司——可以赚钱的地方——作为结束方式,一个必要的邪恶,更多永久性之前的暂时停止,一位理想主义的事业家。

很简单,很难想象一个消息更完美地适应失败预期,促进抑郁症。首先,这是一个事实,绝大多数法律工作并不以一般的“公共利益”的定义。换句话说,不是准备的可能会面临的律师生活,而是在法学院度过三年,使学生信服,他们的生活、精力和才能是最好的用在别的地方本身是错的,。

这并不是说,公共利益律师不能完成重要的谈判——至少他们不能使婴儿步入一些近似正义的道路,在法学院专业意义上先进的视觉、难以名状的混乱和令人沮丧的现实之间的差距不能更大。

所以,我们和许多仅是因为他们是一些大学毕业的法律学生,如果有的话,最好的选择是,慢慢通过与世隔绝的法律职业本身,并在整个金融/专业/情感谱系,创建学生不切实际的期望法律教育。要做什么?

但从本质上说,这样的改革是遥远并且将出现在美国律师协会和每一个州的律师协会的失败局面上。然而,一系列的更现实的相对温和的改革,缩小学生、法学院和法律职业之间的差距。

第二,让法律教育更符合临床前和临床的医学教育模式,教育学校或学生的教学需求,对于紧随其后的实际的练习,在教室里的学习时间是必然。整个第三年法学院可能被有关广泛的法律问题的临床工作所取代。

康奈尔大学的法律,我的核心功能是向学生介绍法律实践。我尽我所能,一个完整的学年,向他们展示一个案例是如何研究的,投诉是如何起草,甚至指导角色扮演(特色-在一个例子中-我的妻子

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