毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
学生姓名： 王存款 学 号： 1401160423
所在学院： 计算机科学与技术学院
专 业： 计算机科学与技术
设计(论文)题目： 体育成绩管理与分析系统
指导教师： 刘学军
2020年 2月10日
Architecture of Computer Operating System
In the information age, software is called the soul of computer system. As the core of software, the operating system is already inseparable and integrated with modern computer systems. The computer system can be roughly divided into four parts from bottom to top: hardware, operating system, application programs and users (the division here is different from the layering of computer composition principles). The operating system manages all kinds of computer hardware, provides the foundation for application programs, and acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and users. Hardware, such as central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, etc., provide basic computing resources. Applications, such as word processing programs, spreadsheet software, compilers, web browsers, etc., specify how these resources are used to solve users computing problems. The operating system controls and coordinates the distribution and use of hardware by each users application programs. During the operation of the computer system, the operating system provides a way to use these resources correctly. To sum up, the Operating System, OS) refers to a program set that controls and manages the hardware and software resources of the entire computer system, and reasonably organizes and schedules the computers work and resource allocation to provide convenient interfaces and environments for users and other software. Computer operating system is gradually formed and developed with the development of computer research and application. It is the most basic system software in computer system.The following describes the architecture of the operating system from different aspects.
1.The module combination structure
Module composition structure is the most commonly used organization method for early operating systems before the emergence of software engineering and some small operating systems at present. At the beginning of its development, the operating system was realized with the goal of establishing a simple small system. However, in order to meet other requirements, some new functions were added one after another, and its structure gradually became complicated and could not be mastered. The MS-DOS we used before is the most typical example of this structure. This operating system is a system program with multiple functions and can also be regarded as a large executable, i.e. the whole operating system is a collection of processes. Each process module in the system is divided according to the functions they want to complete, and then combined according to a certain structural mode to cooperatively complete the functions of the whole system. In the module combination structure, there is no consistent system call interface, information is transmitted between modules through externally provided interfaces, and hidden program units are implemented inside the modules to make them transparent to other process modules. However, with the increase of functions, the module combination structure has become more and more complex and difficult to control, the modules are transferred to each other without control, and the information transmission mode is random, which makes the system have certain hidden dangers.
- Hierarchy
In order to make up for the inherent shortcomings of inter-module calls in the module combination structure, it is necessary to reduce the irregular inter-module calls and interdependent relationships, especially to eliminate the cyclic calls between modules. Starting from this point, the design of hierarchical structure adopts the concept of high-rise building structure, and classifies all the constituent modules in the operating system or software system: the basic modules are placed on the basic layer (or called the bottom layer and the first layer), on this basis, some modules are placed on the second layer, and the modules on the second layer work in the environment provided by the basic modules; It can only call the basic modules to work for it, otherwise it cannot. Strict hierarchy, the N l-th layer can only be built on the basis provided by the n-th layer modules, can only work in the environment provided by the n-th layer, and can only send call requests to the n-th layer modules. In an operating system with hierarchical structure, each module has a relatively fixed position and a relatively fixed hierarchy. The concept of relative position of modules at the same level may not be very clear. In general, modules at different levels cannot exchange positions with each other, only one-way calling and one-way dependency exist. This is the architecture adopted by Unix/Linux system. In the hierarchical structure, emphasis is placed on the position of each component in the system, but in order for the system to operate normally, two kinds of relations have to be coordinated, namely dependency relation and calling relation. Dependency relation refers to that the software components in the upper layer (or outer layer) depend on the existence of the lower layer software and the operation of the lower layer software. For example, this part of browser software depends on the existence and operation of GUI, which in turn depends on the existence and operation of operating system. Inside the operating system, the peripheral part depends on the existence of the kernel, which depends on the operation of the kernel, which in turn depends on HAL. The software components within the same layer can be relatively independent, and there is generally no interde
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原文：
Architecture of Computer Operating System
In the information age, software is called the soul of computer system. As the core of software, the operating system is already inseparable and integrated with modern computer systems. The computer system can be roughly divided into four parts from bottom to top: hardware, operating system, application programs and users (the division here is different from the layering of computer composition principles). The operating system manages all kinds of computer hardware, provides the foundation for application programs, and acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and users. Hardware, such as central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, etc., provide basic computing resources. Applications, such as word processing programs, spreadsheet software, compilers, web browsers, etc., specify how these resources are used to solve users computing problems. The operating system controls and coordinates the distribution and use of hardware by each users application programs. During the operation of the computer system, the operating system provides a way to use these resources correctly. To sum up, the Operating System, OS) refers to a program set that controls and manages the hardware and software resources of the entire computer system, and reasonably organizes and schedules the computers work and resource allocation to provide convenient interfaces and environments for users and other software. Computer operating system is gradually formed and developed with the development of computer research and application. It is the most basic system software in computer system.The following describes the architecture of the operating system from different aspects.
1.The module combination structure
Module composition structure is the most commonly used organization method for early operating systems before the emergence of software engineering and some small operating systems at present. At the beginning of its development, the operating system was realized with the goal of establishing a simple small system. However, in order to meet other requirements, some new functions were added one after another, and its structure gradually became complicated and could not be mastered. The MS-DOS we used before is the most typical example of this structure. This operating system is a system program with multiple functions and can also be regarded as a large executable, i.e. the whole operating system is a collection of processes. Each process module in the system is divided according to the functions they want to complete, and then combined according to a certain structural mode to cooperatively complete the functions of the whole system. In the module combination structure, there is no consistent system call interface, information is transmitted between modules through externally provided interfaces, and hidden program units are implemented inside the modules to make them transparent to other process modules. However, with the increase of functions, the module combination structure has become more and more complex and difficult to control, the modules are transferred to each other without control, and the information transmission mode is random, which makes the system have certain hidden dangers.
- Hierarchy
In order to make up for the inherent shortcomings of inter-module calls in the module combination structure, it is necessary to reduce the irregular inter-module calls and interdependent relationships, especially to eliminate the cyclic calls between modules. Starting from this point, the design of hierarchical structure adopts the concept of high-rise building structure, and classifies all the constituent modules in the operating system or software system: the basic modules are placed on the basic layer (or called the bottom layer and the first layer), on this basis, some modules are placed on the second layer, and the modules on the second layer work in the environment provided by the basic modules; It can only call the basic modules to work for it, otherwise it cannot. Strict hierarchy, the N l-th layer can only be built on the basis provided by the n-th layer modules, can only work in the environment provided by the n-th layer, and can only send call requests to the n-th layer modules. In an operating system with hierarchical structure, each module has a relatively fixed position and a relatively fixed hierarchy. The concept of relative position of modules at the same level may not be very clear. In general, modules at different levels cannot exchange positions with each other, only one-way calling and one-way dependency exist. This is the architecture adopted by Unix/Linux system. In the hierarchical structure, emphasis is placed on the position of each component in the system, but in order for the system to operate normally, two kinds of relations have to be coordinated, namely dependency relation and calling relation. Dependency relation refers to that the software components in the upper layer (or outer layer) depend on the existence of the lower layer software and the operation of the lower layer software. For example, this part of browser software depends on the existence and operation of GUI, which in turn depends on the existence and operation of operating system. Inside the operating system, the peripheral part depends on the existence of the kernel, which depends on the operation of the kernel, which in turn depends on HAL. The software components within the same layer can be relatively independent, and there is genera
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