公司治理与资本结构动态分析外文翻译资料

 2022-12-11 07:12

Corporate Governance and Capital Structure Dynamics

ERWAN MORELLEC, BORIS NIKOLOV, and NORMAN SCHURHOFF

ABSTRACT

We develop a dynamic tradeoff model to examine the importance of manager-shareholder conflicts in capital structure choice. In the model, firms face taxation, refinancing costs, and liquidation costs. Managers own a fraction of the firms equity, capture part of the free cash flow to equity as private benefits, and have control over financing decisions. Using data on leverage choices and the models predictions for different statistical moments of leverage, we find that agency costs of 1.5% of equity value on average are sufficient to resolve the low-leverage puzzle and to explain the dynamics of leverage ratios. Our estimates also reveal that agency costs vary significantly across firms and correlate with commonly used proxies for corporate governance.

JEL Classification Numbers: G12, G31, G32, G34.

A central theme in financial economics is that incentive conflicts within the firm lead to distortions in corporate policy choices and to lower corporate performance. Because debt limits managerial flexibility (Jensen (1986)), a particular focus of the theoretical research has been on the importance of managerial objectives in capital structure choice. A prevalent view in the literature is that self-interested managers do not make capital structure decisions that maximize shareholder wealth. The capital structure of a firm should then be determined not only by market frictions such as taxes, bankruptcy costs, or refinancing costs (as in Fisher, Heinkel, and Zechner (1989)), but also by the severity of manager-shareholder conflicts. While the impact of agency conflicts on financing decisions has been widely discussed for three decades, the literature has been largely silent on the magnitude of this effect. In addition, although we have learned much from this work, most models in this literature are static, making it difficult to develop tests of the connection between agency conflicts and capital structure dynamics.

Our purpose in this paper is to examine the importance of manager-shareholder conflicts in leverage choice and to characterize their effects on the dynamics and cross-section of corporate capital structure. To this end, we develop a dynamic tradeoff model that emphasizes the role of agency conflicts in firms financing decisions. The model features corporate and personal taxes, refinancing and liquidation costs, and costly renegotiation of debt in distress. In the model, each firm is run by a manager who sets the firms financing, restructuring, and default policies. Managers own a fraction of the firms equity and can capture part of free cash flow to equity as private benefits within the limits imposed by shareholder protection. Debt constrains the manager by reducing the free cash flow and potential cash diversion (as in Jensen (1986), Zwiebel (1996), or Morellec (2004)). In this environment, we determine the optimal leveraging decision of managers and characterize the effects of manager-shareholder conflicts on target leverage and the pace and size of capital structure changes.

As in prior dynamic tradeoff models, our analysis emphasizes the role of capital market frictions in the dynamics of leverage ratios. Due to refinancing costs, firms are not able to keep their leverage at the target at all times. As a result, leverage is best described not just by a number, the target, but by its entire distribution—including target and refinancing boundaries. The model also reflects the interaction between market frictions and manager-shareholder conflicts, allowing us to generate a number of novel predictions relating agency conflicts to the firms target leverage, the frequency and size of capital structure changes, the speed of mean reversion to target leverage, and the likelihood of default. Notably, we show that when making financing decisions, the manager trades off the tax benefits of debt (embedded in the equity stake) against the total costs of debt, which include not only the costs of financial distress but also those associated with the disciplining effect of debt. As a result, incentive conflicts between managers and shareholders lower the firms target leverage and its propensity to refinance. That is, the range of leverage ratios widens and financial inertia becomes more pronounced as manager-shareholder conflicts increase.

We explore the empirical implications of our dynamic capital structure model in two ways. First, we use a basic calibration to show that while dynamic models without agency conflicts produce the right qualitative effects to explain the data, the effects of transaction costs alone on debt choices are too small to explain the low debt levels and slow mean reversion of debt observed empirically. We also show with this calibration that by adding reasonable levels of agency conflicts and giving the manager control over the leverage decision, one can obtain capital structure dynamics consistent with the data.

Second, we use panel data on observed leverage choices and the models predictions for different statistical moments of leverage to obtain firm-specific estimates of agency costs. We exploit not only the conditional mean of leverage (as in a regression) but also the variation, persistence, and distributional tails—in short, the conditional moments of the time-series distribution of leverage. Using structural econometrics, we find that agency costs of 1.5% of equity value on average (0.45% at median) are sufficient to resolve the low-leverage puzzle and to explain the time series of observed leverage ratios. We also find that the variation in agency costs across firms is substantial. Thus, while leverage ratios tend to revert to the (managers) target leverage over time, the variation in agency conflicts leads to per

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公司治理与资本结构动态分析

ERWAN MORELLEC, BORIS NIKOLOV, and NORMAN SCHURHOFF

摘要:本文通过制定动态的权衡模型来检验股东-代理人冲突在资本结构选择中的重要性。在这一模型中,企业面临着税收、再融资成本和清算成本;管理者拥有公司股权的一小部分,并将部分股权自由现金流作为私人利益以控制融资决策。通过利用杠杆选择的数据和模型对不同统计时间的预测发现:平均股权价值1.5%的代理成本足以解决低杠杆的难题及解释杠杆比率的动态变化情况。分析还得出了各公司的代理成本差异很大,且与公司治理的常用代理人有关的结论。

JEL分类编号:G12,G31,G32,G34。

一、绪论

金融经济学的一个中心主题就是企业内部的激励冲突会扭曲公司政策的选择,并降低公司绩效。债务会限制管理的灵活性(Jensen(1986)),因此在理论研究中,学者们会非常关注管理目标在资本结构选择中的重要性。以往文献中的普遍看法是:自利的管理者不会做出股东财富最大化的资本结构决策,因此企业的资本结构应不仅仅由税收、破产成本或再融资成本等市场摩擦决定(如Fisher,Heinkel和Zechner(1989)),而且还要受股东-代理人冲突的严重程度所影响。尽管近三十年来有大量的研究者讨论了机构冲突对融资决策的影响,但现有文献在很大程度上忽略了这种影响的强弱程度,且其中构造的大多数模型均为静态模型,难以对代理冲突和资本结构动态之间的联系进行测试。

本文的目的是研究股东-代理人冲突在杠杆选择中的重要作用,并描述其对企业资本结构的动态和横截面的影响。本文制定的动态模型强调代理冲突在企业融资决策中的作用,具有企业和个人税收、再融资和清算成本,以及在财务困境中昂贵的的重新谈判的债务等特征。在这一模型中,每家公司都由一名为该公司制定融资、重组和违约政策的管理者来运营;管理人员拥有公司股权的一小部分,并可以在股东保护所限制的限额内获取部分股权自由现金流作为私人利益;而债务则通过减少自由现金流和潜在的现金转移来约束管理者(如Jensen(1986),Zwiebel(1996)或Morellec(2004))。在这种情况下,通过分析可以确定管理者的最优杠杆决策、描述股东-代理人冲突对目标杠杆的影响以及资本结构变化的速度和规模。

与先前的动态权衡模型一样,本文的分析强调资本市场摩擦在杠杆率变动中的作用。由于再融资成本,公司无法随时将杠杆保持在目标状态。因此,杠杆效应不仅仅应被描述为数量或目标,而更应该被描述为一种分配情形(包括目标和再融资边界)。该模型还反映了市场摩擦与股东-代理人冲突之间的相互作用,从而产生一些关于代理冲突与公司目标杠杆、资本结构变化的频率和规模、平均回归到目标杠杆的速度以及违约的可能性的新的预测。管理者在作出融资决策时,会将债务的税收优惠(嵌入股权)来抵减债务总额。其中债务总额不仅包括财务困境的成本,还包括与纪律效应相关的成本的债务。因此,管理者和股东之间的激励冲突降低了公司的目标杠杆和融资倾向。也就是说,随着股东-代理人冲突的增加,杠杆比率范围的扩大,经济惯将变得更加明显。

本文从两个方面探讨了动态资本结构模型的实证意义。首先,使用基本标准度表明,不包含代理冲突的动态模型能够产生正确的定性影响来解释数据,但交易成本对债务选择的影响太小,无法解释通过实证观察得到的低债务水平和债务平均回归缓慢的现象。这种标准度还表明,通过增加合理的代理冲突水平,给予管理者对杠杆决策的控制,可以获得与数据一致的资本结构动态。其次,使用观察到的杠杆选择的面板数据和不同时间点的杠杆预测,能够获得代理成本的估计值。计量经济学对杠杆的条件平均值(如回归)、变化、持续性和分布式尾部即条件矩的时间序列分布的杠杆作用结构等数据的分析得到的结果表明:权益值1.5%(中位数为0.45%)的代理成本量就足以解决低杠杆的谜题并解释杠杆比率的时间序列。分析还得出,企业代理成本的变化巨大,因此,即使杠杆率会随着时间变化回到管理者目标杠杆水平,但代理冲突的变化依然会导致杠杆比率持续的横截面差异。最后,数据推断得出,代理冲突水平与一些常用的公司治理代理相关,这有助于用代理成本渠道来对融资决策的选择做出解释。

二、文献综述

本文的研究借鉴参考了不同的文献。Zwiebel(1996)通过建立一个融资政策由管理层来制定的动态的资本结构模型研究了股东-代理人冲突与企业融资决策之间的关系。但在这一的模型中,企业始终处于目标杠杆状态,而本文则改进了这一缺陷,让再融资成本在资本结构中产生了惯性和持续性作用。Fisher,Heinkel和Zechner(1989),Goldstein,Ju和Leland(2001)、Ju et al (2005)和Strebulaev(2007)也建立了一个动态的权衡模型,但却忽略了管理者和股东之间的利益冲突(参见Morellec(2004)或Lambrecht和Myers(2008)的静态模型)。Leland(1998),Parrino和Weisbach(1999),Morellec(2001),或Carlson和Lazrak(2010)则研究了研究股东-债权人冲突(投资不足和资产置换)对公司融资决策的影响。

轩尼诗和怀特(HW; 2005,2007)建立了考虑到内部资金的作用的模型,但这一模型不允许默认值的出现(HW,2005),同时也忽略了股东-代理人冲突。Lemmon,Roberts和Zender(2008)通过研究发现杠杆的传统决定因素在资本结构的横截面几乎没有变化,相反,多数这种变化是由不明原因的企业特定决定因素驱动的。(本文后续的分析表明,资本结构的异质性在结构方面可能与公司的某些治理机制有关,从而为其研究结论提供了经济解释。)van Binsbergen,Graham和Yang(2010)和Korteweg(2010)最近的研究提供了代理优化融资决策的债务成本的实证估计。(本文样本中公司的平均债务总收益占资产值的10.7%,这符合上述研究结论。研究还表明,管理者债务成本是股东债务成本的三倍,且管理者债务成本中的一半以上是由债务的纪律效应所引起的。)

本文将从三个重要的方面对融资决策的文献进行论证。首先,本文将论证资本市场的各种缺陷是如何与企业的激励结构相互作用来决定资本结构决策的。其次,虽然调整成本有助于解释数据中观察到的融资模式,但因其对债务选择的定量影响太小从而不足以解释融资决策。最后,增加管理者和股东之间利益冲突的动态权衡理论产生的模型能够解释为什么一些公司尽管知道债务具有税收优惠但却发行很少的债务(参见Graham(2000))以及杠杆比率会展示惯性和其他强大的时间序列模式的状况(参见Fama和French(2002),Welch(2004)或Flannery和Rangan(2006))。实证分析也同时表明企业代理成本的变化很大,且代理成本与公司治理的各种代理具有相关性。

本文的其余部分结构如下。第一部分为模型描述。第二部分说明使用模型校准的代理冲突对杠杆水平和动态的影响。第三部分讨论本文运用的实证方法。第四部分提供企业对股东-代理人冲突的估计。第五部分将代理成本的估计与各种公司治理机制相关联。第六部分总结。实证分析见附录。

  1. 结论

本文通过建立一个动态的资本结构模型来考察代理冲突对资本结构选择的重要性。在这一模型之中,融资政策是由于税收抵制、承包摩擦和代理冲突之间的权衡而产生的;每家公司都由一名负责制定的融资决策的管理者经营。管理人员基于自己的利益行事,并在股东保护的限度内获取部分股权自由现金流来作为私人利益;债务通过减少自由现金流和潜在的现金转移来约束管理者。在这种状况下,可以确定管理者的最优杠杆决策,并在杠杆水平和动态方面对代理冲突的影响进行描述。本文通过研究主要得出如下结论:

(1)通过使用资金选择的数据和模型对不同杠杆时间的预测,可以得出平均股权价值1.5%的代理成本足以解决保守的债务政策难题,并解释观察到的杠杆比率的时间序列。代理成本随着期望管理激励的变化而变化。此外,外部和内部治理机制显著影响了控制成本和企业融资决策的选择。

  1. 结构性估计表明,发行债务的成本必须是发行金额的25%,这可以解释观察到的融资选择。虽然忽视了代理冲突的动态资本结构理论可以定性地再现数据中观察到的融资模型,但由于再融资成本对债务选择的影响太小,这一模型无法对公司的融资政策进行解释。
  2. 实证分析表明Lemmon,Roberts和Zender(2008)文献中记录的部分资本结构的异质性可能是受企业间代理冲突的变化驱动的。总体来说,代理冲突对企业政策和重大价值后果有着至关重要的影响。

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