Art/c/e
Intergroup relations in a supegt;diverse neighbourhood: The dynamics of population composition, context and community
Claire Bynner
University of Glasgow, UK
UrbanStudies
Urbon Studies
2019, Vol. S6(2) 335—35 I
6 Urban Studies journal Limited 20 17 Article reuso guidelines: sagepub.com/]ournalsbull;pemissions DOI: 10. I I77/00420980I 7740287
journals.sagepub.com/home/usj
Abstract
There is now an extensive literature demonstrating that experiences of migration and diversity differ significantly between and across local geographies. Three broad explanations for diPerences in local outcomes have been put forward (Robinson, 2010): first, population composition — the characteristics of individuals living in the neighbourhood; second, context — the social and physical environment; and third, community — socio-cultural histories and collective identities. Few studies examine the linkages between all three explanations and their relative importance. This article applies all three explanations to intergroup relations in a super-diverse context. It draws on data from a mixed methods case study of a neighbourhood in Glasgow, Scotland where long-term white and ethnic minority communities reside alongside Central and Eastern European migrants, refugees and other recent arrivals. The evidence comprises local statistics and documentary evi- dence, participant observation and qualitative and walk-along interviews with residents and local organisations. The findings highlight the diPerent ways in which people respond to super-diversitjlsaquo;, and the importance of the neighbourhood context and the material conditions for intergroup relations. The article thus demonstrates the ambiguities that arise from applying the dynamics of population composition, context and community to neighbourhood analysis, with implications for the study of neighbourhoods more widely.
Keywords
housing, intergroup contact. migration, neighbourhood, super-diversity
Urban Studies Sb(2)
Received February 20 17; accepted September 20 17
Introduction
This article contributes to knowledge (Phillips and Robinson, 2015; Vertovec, 2007; Wessendorf, 2014a) on the causes of outcomes for intergroup relations between migrants and settled communities living in super-diverse areas. It highlights the role of housing conditions and examines how the experience of worsening material conditions influences the nature of public discourse on issues of neighbourhood identity, diversity and community. In doing so, it moves the analysis towards a deeper understanding of complex processes of neighbourhood change and the influences of these processes on the ability for individuals to negotiate differ- ences and overcome divisions within and between social groups. This study makes three key contributions to the literature. First, it provides support for the argument that increasing ethnic and migrant diversity affects different social groups in different ways, but is not in itself a sufficient explana- tion for reduced intergroup contact and trust. Second, this study explores the dynamics linking population composition, socio-economic context and place-based identities to outcomes for intergroup rela- tions. Third, it applies the concept of social milieus (Bourdieu, 1984; Durkheim, 2014a [1895], 2014b [1893J1902); Vester, 2005) as a
method of identifying and categorising migrant and settled populations in a super- diverse context. The evidence presented is relevant to international studies of inter- group relations, social capital, diversity and neighbourhoods.
The concept of lsquo;intergroup contactrsquo; origi- nated in the field of social psychology with
the work of Allport (1979 [1954]) on preju- dice. There is now a wide-ranging literature that examines intergroup contact and the conditions by which individual experiences of contact with diverse others become gener- alised (Hodson and Hewstone, 2013; Vezzali and Stathi, 2016). The notion of intergroup contact is closely aligned to that of inter-
group trust (or trust in members of out- groups) 2 which, like contact, is highly
contested. This article focuses mainly on intergroup contact, described here as face-to- face interaction between members of defined groups (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2000). In the study of super-diversity, the term lsquo;inter- grouprsquo; is useful because it opens the analysis to a wider range of social differences besides ethnicity. The term lsquo;groupsrsquo; is used in this study to refer to social formations that are reified within a super-diverse context. It is not intended that these are understood as real groups or that the existence of in-group differences is ignored.
There is now an extensive literature demonstrating that experiences of migration, diversity and outcomes for intergroup rela- tions vary significantly across local geogra- phies. Yet, according to Robinson (2010), surprisingly few studies have attempted to explain these geographical variations. Drawing on the literature from public health (Cummins et a1., 2007; Macintyre et at., 2002), Robinson (2010) developed a frame- work to conceptualise place-effects on experiences of migration, highlighting three broad themes from extant literature. First, population composition — the characteristics of individuals living in the neighbourhood (who lives there?); second, context — oppor- tunity structures in the local social and
Corresponding author:
Claire Bynner, University of Glasgow, Adam Smith Building, 40 Bute Gardens, Glasgow, GI2 8RT, UK.
Email: cIaire.bynner@Glasgow.ac.uk
Bynner
physical environment (what resources are there?); and third, community — socio- cultural histori
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目 录
Intergroup relations in a supe-diverse neighbourhood: The dynamics of population composition, context and community 2
城镇流动人口社区融合的现状与困境研究 15
英文原文
Introduction
This article contributes to knowledge (Phillips and Robinson, 2015; Vertovec, 2007; Wessendorf, 2014a) on the causes of outcomes for intergroup relations between migrants and settled communities living in super-diverse areas. It highlights the role of housing conditions and examines how the experience of worsening material conditions influences the nature of public discourse on issues of neighbourhood identity, diversity and community. In doing so, it moves the analysis towards a deeper understanding of complex processes of neighbourhood change and the influences of these processes on the ability for individuals to negotiate differ- ences and overcome divisions within and between social groups. This study makes three key contributions to the literature. First, it provides support for the argument that increasing ethnic and migrant diversity affects different social groups in different ways, but is not in itself a sufficient explana- tion for reduced intergroup contact and trust. Second, this study explores the dynamics linking population composition, socio-economic context and place-based identities to outcomes for intergroup rela- tions. Third, it applies the concept of social milieus (Bourdieu, 1984; Durkheim, 2014a [1895], 2014b [1893J1902); Vester, 2005) as a method of identifying and categorising migrant and settled populations in a super- diverse context. The evidence presented is relevant to international studies of inter- group relations, social capital, diversity and neighbourhoods.
2. Concept
2.1. The concept of lsquo;intergroup contactrsquo;
The concept of lsquo;intergroup contactrsquo; origi- nated in the field of social psychology with the work of Allport (1979 [1954]) on preju- dice.
There is now a wide-ranging literature that examines intergroup contact and the conditions by which individual experiences of contact with diverse others become gener- alised (Hodson and Hewstone, 2013; Vezzali and Stathi, 2016). The notion of intergroup contact is closely aligned to that of intergroup trust (or trust in members of out- groups) which，like contact, is highly contested. This article focuses mainly on intergroup contact, described here as face-to- face interaction between members of defined groups (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2000). In the study of super-diversity, the term lsquo;inter- grouprsquo; is useful because it opens the analysis to a wider range of social differences besides ethnicity. The term lsquo;groupsrsquo; is used in this study to refer to social formations that are reified within a super-diverse context. It is not intended that these are understood as real groups or that the existence of in-group differences is ignored.
There is now an extensive literature demonstrating that experiences of migration, diversity and outcomes for intergroup rela- tions vary significantly across local geogra- phies. Yet, according to Robinson (2010), surprisingly few studies have attempted to explain these geographical variations. Drawing on the literature from public health (Cummins et a1., 2007; Macintyre et at., 2002), Robinson (2010) developed a frame- work to conceptualise place-effects on experiences of migration, highlighting three broad themes from extant literature. First, population composition — the characteristics of individuals living in the neighbourhood (who lives there?); second, context — oppor- tunity structures in the local social and physical environment (what resources are there?); and third, community — socio- cultural histories, collective identities and cultures (who belongs?). These three themes, described here as lsquo;Robinsonrsquo;s Frameworkrsquo;, provide an approach to organising and explaining why intergroup relations vary at a local level. They arc conceptualised here not as lsquo;mutually exclusive or competing explanationsrsquo; but as lsquo;overlapping aspects of local contextrsquo; (Platts-Fowler and Robinson, 2015: 477). Previous studies have not fully examined the linkages and interrelations between these themes, and their relative importance remains unclear. This article seeks to examine these meta-explanations in relation to a single in-depth case study in order to uncover the dynamics between them.
The findings from this study show that declining housing and environmental condi- tions and processes of neighbourhood change can counter an otherwise positive narrative of neighbourhood diversity as commonplace (Wessendorf, 2014a). Poor material conditions weaken intergroup rela- tions, leading to restrictive claims to mem- bership of lsquo;the communityrsquo; and struggles to dominate and control representations of the neighbourhood. The driver of this change is not migration as is commonly assumed, but the outmigration of owner-occupiers from the neighbourhood followed by the back- filling of vacant properties with poor quality private lets. Worsening housing conditions drive wider neighbourhood and environmen- tal decline and serve
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