静音共享室内的室内设计困境外文翻译资料

 2022-08-09 04:08

Interior Design Dilemmas in a Shared Room of Silence

Abstract

This text sheds light on the delicate practice of including different religious as well as nonreligious expressions in a shared room. The effects of design decisions in a “room of silence” at a Swedish hospital are studied over a transitional period of renovation of the space. We observe the impact of materiality in the roomrsquo;s establishment, renovation, and usage, and show how the roomrsquo;s interior design, its decor and objects, are conditioned by ritual acts as well by practical and spontaneous place-making processes. By following how the negotiations of the interior space relate to presupposed separations of aesthetic and religious ideals, we see how the design of a room of silence can allow several religious groups to comfortably use one common room; but also how design can cause clashes between different interests and how materiality is forced in the end to advice a clear spatial distinction between different types of usage in the room.

Keywords: room of silence, multi-faith space, materiality, religious change

Introduction

Rooms of silence can be described as orchestrated spaces held to welcome a multitude of religious practices and reflective moments (Petersson, Sandin, and Liljas 2016), and as they appear in hospitals, at airports and in other public contexts, they are generally designed to support both collective and individual use. In reality, such openness based on the principle of freedom of religion (Council of Europe 1952, Article 9), is in fact often designed and carried out by one or a few dominant religious denominations, and a fair offering of usage can be quite tricky to achieve (Gilliat-Ray 2005; Christensen et al. 2019). The design of rooms of silence generally faces a dilemma: either prioritizing particular religious denominations, thus failing to shape the rooms into spaces that cater to a diversity of existential and ritual needs, or, to the contrary, making the rooms into overly generic spaces, that cease to sufficiently represent or fit specific religious practices (Crompton 2013). This difficulty – of hosting under one roof different religious as well as nonreligious expressions – becomes obvious in a room of silence at Skaring;ne University Hospital [Skaring;nes Universitetssjukhus, referred to in the following using the official Swedish abbreviation, SUS] in Malmouml;. Here, in the room of silence at SUS in Malmouml;, a specific set of material objects – furniture, interior decorations and a figurative textile artwork, all of which can be attributed symbolical meanings – can be followed to see how this space was altered and negotiated in several steps to host, both physically and ideologically, a multiplicity of aesthetic sensibilities that come with specific religious traditions. By observing the alternating positions and appearances of the roomrsquo;s material objects, and how they represent different values and standpoints in this space, we can see how interior design plays an active part in how the inclusion of a minority religious community is dealt with institutionally and socially (Gilliat-Ray 2004; Brand2012). We note that designed objects and spaces can be used by several religious groups to negotiate, and obstruct against, the taken for granted divisions that follow the ambition to share a delimited interior public place. In the end we discuss how material manifestations of religious belief and aesthetical preference can play a mutual part in the formation of norms of multi-faith design and practice (cf. Asad et al. 2013).

Religion-Based Settings in Contemporary Sweden

Sweden has been seen as one of the most secular nations in the world, along with for example the other Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands, Britain and France (Norris and Inglehart 2006; Thurfjell 2016). However, the form for, and degree of, secularisation can be discussed also in nations such as Sweden. A society regarding itself as secular may promote a view of life, and an organisation of society, where religious manners and symbols are actively stated as unwanted. At other times, as primarily in Sweden today, secularity is seen more as a condition of a rationalist ambition to include, and negotiate between, various modes of worldviews and religious perspectives in a pragmatic way (Bauml;ckstrouml;m 2013, 31, 44–45; Philips, Haq, and Sigurdson 2017, 8). Important to note here is that both of these different standpoints are in part territorial ideologies and practices, regulating the presence of religious expressions and practices in the public sphere (Howe 2009, 640). Thus even though there is an

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静音共享室内的室内设计困境

摘 要

该文本阐明了在共享的房间中包含不同的宗教和非宗教表达方式的微妙实践。在空间翻新的过渡时期内,研究了瑞典医院“无声室”中设计决策的影响。我们观察了重要性在房间的建立,装修和使用中的影响,并展示了房间的室内设计,装饰和物品是如何通过仪式行为以及实际和自发的场所制作过程来调节的。通过关注室内空间的谈判与审美和宗教理想的预设分离之间的关系,我们看到了一个沉默室的设计如何使几个宗教团体舒适地使用一个公共房间。还有设计如何导致不同利益之间的冲突,以及最终如何迫使物质性建议对房间中不同使用类型进行明确的空间区分。

关键字:寂静的房间, 多信仰空间, 实质性, 宗教变革

介绍

寂静的房间可以说是精心设计的空间,用来迎接多种宗教习俗和反思性时刻(Petersson,Sandin和Liljas2016),并且它们出现在医院,机场和其他公共场所时,通常旨在支持集体和个人使用。实际上,这种开放基于宗教自由原则(欧洲理事会1952(第9条),实际上通常是由一个或几个主要宗教派别设计和执行的,要实现公平使用是非常棘手的(Gilliat-Ray2005;Christensen等。2019).寂静房间的设计通常面临一个难题:要么优先考虑特定的宗教派别,从而无法将房间塑造成满足各种生存和仪式需要的空间,要么相反,使房间成为过于笼统的空间,不再足以代表或不适合特定的宗教习俗(Crompton2013).在马尔默的斯科讷大学医院(Skaring;nesUniversitetssjukhus,以下简称为瑞典官方缩写SUS),在一个寂静的房间里,这种困难-在一个屋檐下容纳不同的宗教和非宗教表达-变得很明显。在这里,在马尔默(Malmouml;)的SUS寂静的房间里,可以看到一组特定的材料对象-家具,室内装饰和具象的纺织品艺术品,所有这些都可以被赋予象征意义-可以观察到这个空间是如何改变和协商的分几个步骤在物理上和意识形态上主持特定宗教传统带来的多种审美敏感性。通过观察房间的实物的交替位置和外观,以及它们如何代表该空间中的不同价值和立场,我们可以看到室内设计如何在制度上和社会上处理少数派宗教社区的融入中发挥积极作用(Gilliat-Ray2004;牌2012).我们注意到,设计的物体和空间可以被几个宗教团体用来谈判和阻碍理所当然的划分,这些划分遵循了共享有限的内部公共场所的雄心。最后,我们讨论了宗教信仰和审美偏好的物质表现如何在多信仰设计和实践规范的形成中相互影响(参见Asad等。2013).

当代瑞典基于宗教的环境

瑞典与其他斯堪的纳维亚国家以及荷兰,英国和法国(Norris和Inglehart)一起被视为世界上最世俗的国家之一。2006;瑟菲尔2016).但是,世俗化的形式和程度也可以在诸如瑞典之类的国家中讨论。将自己视为世俗的社会可以促进人们的生活观,也可以促进一个社会组织,在该组织中,宗教举止和象征被积极地表述为不需要的。在其他时候,如今天主要在瑞典那样,世俗化更多地被视为理性主义野心的条件,以务实的方式包括并在各种模式的世界观和宗教观点之间进行谈判(Bauml;ckstrouml;m2013, 31, 44–45;飞利浦,Haq和Sigurdson2017, 8).这里需要注意的重要一点是,这两种不同观点都是部分地域的意识形态和实践,它们规范了公共领域中宗教表达和实践的存在(Howe2009, 640).因此,尽管瑞典对多元性持开放态度,但官方和模糊的部队都在规定应如何承认宗教。本文所述的使不同宗教团体共享瑞典一家公立医院公共休息室的实用解决方案,是宗教与公共空间如何相互交织的一个示例(参见Ruyter2014, 198–199).但是,正如我们将看到的,该示例还显示了开放的意图和务实的谈判如何仍可以由特定的理想来塑造。

在当代瑞典社会中,瑞典福音派路德教会的文化被牢固地整合在一起,尽管机构教会对人们的日常生活的直接影响相对较弱(Pettersson2009, 238–243).因此,瑞典教会在被称为“邪恶宗教”的一部分中扮演着角色(戴维2007(140-143),因为教会的存在和服务主要是在生活的过渡阶段,或在个人或集体危机的情况下进行的,也有人不认为自己是信奉和实践基督徒的人来照顾(Bauml;ckstrouml;m2013, 32–33).通过在至关重要的时刻提供服务,瑞典教会(曾是国家教会,但自2000年以来是瑞典最大的自治宗教组织)保留了半官方角色(贝克斯特龙,贝克曼和佩特森2004, 127–128).然而,为孩子洗礼,结婚和在教堂里举行葬礼,或在非ional悔的公立幼儿园中庆祝复活节和圣诞节,往往被视为传统瑞典文化遗产的一部分,而不是作为制定方式的。宗教(Reimers2019;cf.瑟菲尔2016, 38–66).这意味着在瑞典的公共机构中,路德教会的基督教力量可以相当强大,而公共领域在很大程度上似乎是世俗的(范登布雷默,卡萨诺瓦和韦勒2014, 9).宗教的概念应理解为信仰的私人问题,而​​不是对构成社会关系的共同身份,物质性和实践的承认(参见Woodhead)。2011),这使得宗教问题在瑞典的日常环境中相当隐蔽,并且只隐含地存在(参见Bauml;ckstrouml;m,Beckman和Pettersson2004, 132–134).

同时,当今的瑞典社会正日益多元文化化。马尔默-瑞典第三大城市,也是本文讨论的沉默之所所在的城市-拥有该国最大比例的移民之一,大约三分之一的人口是外国出生的(马尔默·斯塔德2019).例如,这在马尔默最大的公墓东公墓中就很明显,该公墓除了瑞典路德教会外,还为其他宗教派别埋葬了许多墓地,例如东正教和天主教,伊斯兰教和犹太教(例如温格伦)2013).这里讨论的马尔默SUS医院的寂静室是作为一项倡议而出现的,该倡议专门考虑了该市的文化和宗教多样性(RegionSkaring;ne2011).但是,在进一步探讨这个共享室之前,我们将首先简要介绍一下瑞典的医院咨询历史。

医院作为承载宗教相关功能的公共场所

瑞典医院作为护理机构的历史背景与基督教教堂紧密相关。从修道院医务室,中世纪医院或Helgeandshus(字面意思:圣灵的房子)中抽出,有权照料身体,精神上有病的人,穷人和老人。在教堂改革之时,病人的精神保健责任已经转移到教区牧师身上。在现代的瑞典医疗环境中,来自瑞典教会的lasarettspredikant [字面意思:医院传道人]受县议会雇用,在医院和大型护理机构工作(Ekedahl2002, 29;Sjukhuskyrkan2013;cf.鲁伊特2014).

今天,医院牧师[Sjukhuskyrkan]是由基督徒会众和其他宗教取向的协调员在医院进行的精神护理的统称,它提供精神和存在的支持,以帮助人们应对疾病,伤害的压力影响和丧亲(Ekedahl2002, 27–28;Sjukhuskyrkan2013;斯特朗和斯特朗2002).医院牧师的工作人员不是在其工作的医院工作,而是由各自的宗教组织雇用,其中一些(相对较新成立于瑞典)由官方机构提供财政,教育和行政支持。社区[Myndighetenfouml;rStouml;d直到Trossamfund]。例如,在SUSMalmouml;,医院牧师由瑞典教会或瑞典自由教会理事会聘用,而东正教基督徒,穆斯林和佛教徒团体的协调员则由瑞典信仰社区支持机构支持。牧师还与天主教基督教和犹太社区以及罗马文化的联络人合作,但得

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