艾芜《南行记》与高尔基早期“流浪汉小说”比较外文翻译资料

 2022-07-25 12:07

切尔卡什

南方的蓝天由于尘土弥漫而显得昏昏沉沉、浑浊不清,炎热的太阳,宛似透过一层薄薄的灰色面纱,望着碧海。太阳几乎没有在水面上反映出来,因为水面被桨橹和轮船螺旋桨的拨击.被那些在狭小的港湾中朝四面八方航行的土耳其帆船和其他船只的尖头龙骨搅得支离破碎。被束缚在花岗岩堤岸里的海浪,受到在浪峰上驶过去的巨轮的抑压,冲击着船舷,冲击着海岸,它们冲击着,抱怨着,起着泡沫,被各种各样的垃圾弄得肮脏不堪。

锚链的琅当声,运货车辆的联钩的碰撞声,从什么地方落到路面石块上的铁片的铿锵声,木料的闷声闷气的撞击声,运货马车的辚辚声,轮船的时而尖细刺耳、时而低沉地吼叫的汽笛声,装卸工人、水手和税警的叫喊声,——所有这些音响汇合成劳动日的震耳欲聋的音乐,骚乱地飘荡着,低低地滞留在港湾的上空。迎着这些音响,不断有新的声浪从地面上升起:这些音响时而是瘖哑的、隆隆作响的,无情地震撼着四周的一切,时而是刺耳的.雷鸣般的,撕裂着充满尘埃的,炎热的空气。北岗岩,钢铁、术料、港口边的马路、船只和人们--切都充满着歌颂墨丘利的热情赞歌的强有力的音响。可是人的声音在这赞歌里几乎听不到,它是微弱而可笑的。而最先产生这喧声的人们本身,也是可笑而又可怜的:他们的沾满尘土,衣衫褴褛、动作麻俐、被背上的货物的重量压得弯着腰的身形,在漫天的尘土里,在暑热与音响的大海中忙碌地来回奔跑着;比起他们周围铁制的庞然大物、堆积如山的货物、隆隆响着的车辆以及他们所创造的一切东西来,他们显得很渺小。他们创造出来的东西倒奴役着他们,使他们失去了独立自主的精神。几艘沉重的巨轮正升火待发,发出咝咝嘘嘘的声音,深深地吁着气,在每一种它们所产生的声音里都可以感觉到蔑视这些满沾尘土的灰色人形的嘲笑的音调,这些人在轮船甲板上爬着,用自己奴隶劳动的果实去填满很深的货舱;令人笑出眼泪的是装卸工人的长长行列,他们用自己的肩膀把几千普特的粮食扛进船只的铁腹,目的只是为了弄到几磅同样的粮食来果腹。一面是衣衫褴褛,汗流浃背,由于疲倦、喧闹与炎热而变得迟钝的人们,一面却是这些人创造出来的强有力的,迎着太阳闪闪发光的又高又的机器——归根结蒂仍旧不是由蒸汽,而是由它们的创造者的筋肉与血液来推动的机器,——在这一对照里存在着.整整一首残酷的讽刺诗篇。喧闹声压迫着人,尘土刺激着鼻孔,使眼睛看不清,暑热烤着身体,使人疲惫不堪,周围的一切都显得很紧张,耐性逐渐丧失,准备爆发一场大灾堆,一场大爆炸,在这以后,在被爆炸弄得清新的空气里就可以自由地、轻快地呼吸,宁静将统治着大地,而这尘土中震耳欲聋的,激恼人的、使人苦闷得发狂的噪音则将消失,那时在城市里,在大海上,在天空中,将变得又宁静,又明朗,又可爱hellip;hellip;响起了十二下有规律的,响亮的钟声。当最后一下钟声消散之后,粗野的劳动音乐已经响得轻些了。不多一会,它已经变 成了瘖哑的、不满的嘟哝声。现在,人的声音和海水的拍溅声可以听得分明些了。这是午餐的时候到临了。

装卸工人们放工下作,一群群吵吵嚷嚷地四散在港湾上,向女商贩购买各种食物,就在马路上遮阴的角落里,坐下来吃起来。正当这个时候,葛里什卡bull;切尔卡什出现了,他是港湾上的人都很熟悉的、经常被追捕的一头老狼,一个嗜酒成性的酒鬼, 一个机灵大胆的偷儿。他光着脚,穿一条破旧的绒布裤,没有戴帽子,穿着一件肮脏的印花布衬衫,领口已经破了,露出他那干瘦的、嶙峋的、紧包着棕色皮肤的骨头。看了他那蓬乱的略带斑白的黑发和压皱的、瘦削而凶狠的脸,就可以知道他是刚刚睡醒。在他一边的栗色口髭上截着一根稻草,还有一根稻草嵌在剃过的左边面颊上的胡茬里,耳朵后面他插了一根刚折下的椴树小枝。他身材很高,瘦骨嶙峋,有点驼背,他慢慢地在石板路上跨着步,动着他那凶相的鹰钩鼻,锐利的目光朝自己周围扫射着,冷冷的灰色眼睹时时闪着光,在装卸工人中间寻找着什么人。他那栗色的口髭,浓而且长,不时象猫须一样抖动着,背着 的双手互相擦着,神经质地搓着弯曲有力的长手指。甚至在这里,在几百个象他一样引人注目的流浪汉中间,由于他的模样酤似草原上的鹞鹰,由于他凶猛而瘦削的身材,以及貌似从容平静,内心却亢奋激动,聚精会神,就象和他相似的猛禽的飞翔似的攫食步伐,顿时引起人家的注意。

当他走近一群坐在一大堆煤筐底下的阴影里的当装卸工的流浪汉时,站起来迎着他的是一个一副蠢相.满脸紫红斑痕的敦实的小伙子,他颈𩓐被抓破,大概是不久前被打伤的。他站起身来,挨着切尔卡什一起走,一面小声地说道:

“水兵们发现有两捆布失窃了hellip;hellip;正在査呢。”

“唔?”切尔卡什泰然自若地用眼睛打量了他一下,问道。

“什么lsquo;唔rsquo;说是在查。就是这么回事。”

“是不是有人问起我,要我帮着找?”

于是切尔卡什含笑向那边志愿船队的仓库所在地望了望。

“见鬼去吧!”

伙伴回过身去走了。

“嗳,等一等!是谁给你装扮成这副模样的?瞧,把脸毁成这样hellip;hellip;你没有在这里看见米什卡吗?”

“好久没有看见了! ”那一个高叫了一声,就向自己的伙伴们走去。

切尔卡什举步向前,大伙都把他当作一个老相识来对待。但是向来是高高兴兴、说话尖刻的他,今天显然情绪不好,回答別人问他的话都是有一搭没一搭,态度粗暴。

从什么地方的一堆货物后面突然拐出一个穿暗绿色衣服、 灰尘满面,威武挺直的海关看守。他拦住切尔卡什的去路,在他面前摆出一副挑衅的架势,左手握着短剑的剑柄,右手耍想抓住切尔卡什的衣领。

“站住!你上哪儿去?”

切尔卡什后退了一步,抬起眼睛望了望看守,冷笑了一声。

那军人的红润、温厚而乂狡猾的脸要想装出一副恫吓的神气,因此鼓着腮,脸涨得滚圆、发紫,动着眉毛,圆睁着两眼,样子非常可笑。

“告诉过你——不许你在港口上走,否则就打断你的肋骨! 可是你怎么又来了?”看守恫吓地叫着。

“你好,谢苗内夺!咱俩少见了。”切尔卡什神色不变地问了好,向他伸出手去。

“最好是一辈子不见你!走!走!hellip;hellip;”

但是谢茁内奇还是握了握伸过来的手。

“告诉我,”切尔卡什继续说下去,不让谢苗内奇的手从自己的有力的手指中抽出去,并且象朋友似地亲热地摇着它,“你没有看见米什卡吗?”

“什么米什卡?什么米什卡我全不知道!走吧,老弟!要不 然让仓库看守看见,他就会把你hellip;hellip;”

“就是上次我同他在lsquo;柯斯特洛马rsquo;号船上一起干过活的那个红头发,”切尔卡什坚持要打听。

“同他一起偷过东西米的,你就这样说吧!他,你的米什卡, 已经被送进医院了,腿给铁块压坏了。走吧,老弟,现在还是客客气气地请,走吧,要不我就要揪着颈脖把你带走了!hellip;hellip;” “哈哈,瞧你!你说lsquo;我不知道米什卡rsquo;hellip;hellip;原来你是知道的。你干吗生这样大的气,谢苗内奇?hellip;hellip;”

“听着,你别跟我胡扯,滚吧!hellip;hellip;”

看守开始发火了,他四面张望着,要想把手从切尔卡什结实的手中抽出来。切尔卡什神色自若地从自己的浓眉下望着他,不放他的手,继续说道:

“你别催我。我要和你谈个痛快才走呢。来,吿诉我,你近况如何?hellip;hellip;老婆、孩子们身体好吗?”他眼睛炯炯发光,呲着牙齿,嘲弄地微笑着补充道:“我一直想到你家作客,可老没有工夫——一天到晚老喝酒hellip;hellip;”

“得啦——别来这一套!你这瘦鬼,别开玩笑!我,老弟,实 在是hellip;hellip;你难道打算到大街上挨家挨户去抢劫吗?”

“那何必呢?这里的东西已经够你我享用一辈子了。说真的, 尽够了,谢苗内奇!你呀,似乎又偷了两捆布?hellip;hellip;谢苗内奇, 你可要小心点儿!别让人抓住!hellip;hellip;”

谢苗内奇气得发抖,他涎沫四溅,要想说什么。切尔卡什放开他的手,悠闲地迈着长腿,转身向港口的大门走去。看守跟在他后面发疯似地咒骂着。

切尔卡什变得快活起来;他轻轻地、不屑地吹着口哨,把手插进裤袋,慢悠悠地走着,向左右投出挖苦的讥笑和笑话。人家也以同样的玩笑回敬他。

“你瞧,葛里什卡,首长把你保护得多好啊!”一群已经吃过午饭、正躺在地上休息的装卸工人中间有人喊了一声。

“我光着脚,所以谢苗内奇留意着,别让我的脚给戳破了,” 切尔卡什回答说。

他们走近大门。两个兵士把切尔卡什搜了身,就轻轻地把他推到了街上。

切尔卡什穿过大路,在一家酒店对门的石桩上坐下。从港口的大门那边隆隆地驶出一长串满载货物的大车。迎着它们另有几辆空的大车驶过,车上的车夫被颠簸得跳动着。港口吐出哀号似的轰隆声和刺鼻的灰尘hellip;hellip;

在这疯狂的混乱中切尔卡什觉得自己很自在。前面,一笔很可观的收入在对者他微笑,需要花的力气不多,但要很多机智。他深信机智他有的是,于是眯缝起眼睛瞑想着明天早晨,他口袋里有了钞票的时候,该怎样去乐一下hellip;hellip;想起了朋友米什卡,——今天夜里他倒是很有用的,如果他没有把腿折断的话。切尔卡什暗自咒骂着,思量着孤伶伶的一人,没有米什卡,他恐怕孤掌难鸣。今天夜里天气怎样呢?hellip;hellip;他望了望天空,又顺着街道望了一下。

离开他约摸五六步光景,人行道旁,一个年轻小伙子背倚着石桩坐在马路上,他穿一件蓝色粗布衬衫和同样布料的裤子,脚上穿若树皮鞋,头戴一顶破旧的棕黄色便帽。他身旁放着一个小小的背囊和一把无柄镰刀,镰刀上绕着用一根精细地和细绳搓在一起的草辫。小伙子阔肩,敦实,淡褐色头发,风吹日晒的脸上的那对蓝色的大眼睹,信赖而温厚地望着切尔卡什。

切尔卡什呲了呲牙,伸出了舌头,做出一副可怕的嘴脸,用圆睁的眼盯着他。

小伙子起初不解地眨了眨眼睛,但是接着突然哈哈大笑起来,边笑边高喊道:“啊,你这个人真怪!”然后他几乎没有从地上站起来,就笨拙地把屁股从自己坐的石桩上挪到切尔卡什坐的石桩上,在尘土里拖过自己的背囊,镰刀的背碰着石板发出响声。

“喂,老兄,看来你是喝多了!hellip;hellip;”他拉一拉切尔卡什的裤 子,间他攀谈起来。

“是的,娃娃,是这么回事!”切尔卡什微笑着承认了。他立即 看中了这个壮健、忠厚、长着一对孩子般明亮的眼睛的小伙子。“是割完草回来的吧?”

“可不是!hellip;hellip;割了好大一片——只挣得几文小钱。事情梢透了!人多得数不清!逃荒的人涌过来,——他们就压低价钱,你爱干不干!在古班付六十戈比。还算不错啦!hellip;hellip;可是从前,据说,价钱是三个卢布,闪个卢布,五个卢布哩!hellip;hellip;”

“从前!hellip;hellip;从前单是看一眼俄罗斯人,他们也会付三个卢布。我十来年前就曾干过这行当。你走进一个哥萨克村庄,说lsquo;我是俄罗斯人!rsquo;——马上就会有人来看你,摸你,对你惊叹不已,你就可以得到三个卢布!他们还让你吃饱喝足。你愿意住多久就住多久!”

小伙子听着切尔卡什,起初张大了嘴,在圆圆的脸上现出困惑莫解的叹赏的神气,但是过了一会,明白了这个衣衫褴褛的家伙是在吹牛,就咂了一下嘴巴,大笑起来。切尔卡什却保持着一本正经的面孔,把微笑隐藏在他的口髭里hellip;hellip;

“怪人,你说得好象真的一样,我听着听着,竞相信了hellip;hellip;不 过,说实在的,从前那儿hellip;hellip;”

“嘿,我说的是什么?我不是也说那儿从前hellip;hellip;”

“你得了吧!hellip;hellip;”小伙子挥了挥手。“你是鞋匠呢?还是裁缝?hellip;hellip;你到底是什么人?”

“我吗?”切尔卡什反问道,接着,想了一想,说道:“我是个打渔的。”

“打渔——的!真有你的!怎么,你捉鱼?hellip;hellip;”

“捉鱼干什么?这儿打渔的不光捉鱼,捉得更多的是淹死的 人、旧铁锚、沉没的船——什么都捉!有特制的钓竿hellip;hellip;”

“撤谎!撤谎!也许你是那种打渔的,他们关于自己是这样唱的:

我们把网

撒在干燥的岸上,

也撒到贮藏室和粮仓

“那么你见过这种人吗? ”切尔卡什问,一面带着讥笑望着他。

“没有,哪里能见到!只是听说hellip;hellip;”

“你喜欢他们吗?”

“他们?怎么不喜欢!hellip;hellip;这些家伙真不错啊,自由自在,无拘无束hellip;hellip;”

“你要自由干啥?hellip;hellip;难道你爱自由?”

“当然罗!自己做自己的主人,你爱去哪儿就去哪儿,爱干啥就干啥hellip;hellip;可不是!要是你能规规矩矩地过日子,又没有亏心事,——这是头等好事!你可以爱怎么着就怎么着,只是时刻要记住上帝hellip;hellip;”

切尔卡什鄙夷地吐了一口吐沫,转过身去不理睬这个小伙子。

“现在,来说说我的事情吧hellip;hellip;”小伙子说道。“我爹已经死了,家产很少,我妈是个老太婺,地又被榨干了,——我该怎么办呢?得活下去。可是怎样活法呢?不知道。到有钱人家去招女婿吗,行啊,要是他们肯分一笔财产给女儿!hellip;hellip;不会的——丈人这个老鬼不肯分。这样我就只好替他卖命了hellip;hellip;要干很久hellip;hellip;要干好多年!你瞧,事情就是这样!要是我能挣到一百五十个卢布,我马上就可以翻身了,那时候那个老鬼安吉普,就 什么也得不到丨你愿意分给马尔法一笔财产吗?不愿意?那就别给!谢天谢地,村子里的姑娘又不是只有她一个。就是说,我是 完全自由的,谁也管不了我就是这样! ”小伙了叹了 口气。“可是现在,毫无办法,只好去招女婿,我曾经想过:到库班去,捞它两百卢布,就够了。我就是一个地主了!hellip;hellip;可是不成功!现 在只好去当雇农了hellip;hellip;我永远也搞不好自己的家业!唉, 唉!hellip;hellip;”

小伙子非常不愿意去招赘。甚至他的脸色都悲伤得阴暗起来。他坐在地上显得烦躁不安,心情沉重。

切尔卡什问道:

“那么现在你到哪儿去呢?”

“是锕,到哪儿去呢?自然是回老家。”

“唔,小兄弟,这个我可不知道,也许,你打算去土耳其hellip;hellip;” “去土——耳其!hellip;hellip;”小伙子拖长声音说。“正教徒有谁愿 意到那边去?你居然说出这样的话!hellip;hellip;”

“你真是个傻子!”切尔卡什叹了口气,又转过身去,不理睬 这个对话者。这个健壮的农村小伙子在他心中引起了某种想法hellip;hellip;

一种模糊的、缓慢成熟的、懊丧的感觉在他内心深处起伏着,妨碍他集中思想去考虑今天夜里该干些什么。

挨了骂的小伙子低声嘟哝着什么,偶尔向这个流浪汉投出怀疑的目光。他的两颊可笑地鼓起,嘴唇张开,眯缝着的眼睛不知为什么过度频繁而可笑地眨巴着。他显然没有料到他同这个留口髭的流浪汉的谈话

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CHELKASH

THE blue southern sky was bedimmed by the dust rising from the haven ; the burning sun looked dully down into the greenish sea as if through a thin grey veil. It could not reflect itself in the water, which indeed was cut up by the strokes of oars and the furrows made by steam-screws and the sharp keels of Turkish feluccas and other sailing vessels, ploughing up in every direction the crowded harbour in which the free billows of the sea were confined within fetters of granite and crushed beneath the huge weights gliding over their crests, though they beat against the sides of the ships, beat against the shore, beat them- selves into raging foam—foam begrimed by all sorts of floating rubbish.

The sound of the anchor chains, the clang of the couplings of the trucks laden with heavy goods, the metallic wail of the iron plates falling on the stone flagging, the dull thud of timber, the droning of the carrier-wagons, the screaming of the sirens of the steamships, now piercingly keen, now sinking to a dull roar, the cries of the porters, sailors, and custom- house officers—all these sounds blended into the deafening symphony of the laborious day, and, vibrating restlessly, remained stationary in the sky over the haven, as if fearing to mount higher and disappear. And there ascended from the earth, continually, fresh and ever fresh waves of sound—some dull and mysterious, and these vibrated sullenly all around, others clangorous and piercing which rent the dusty sultry air.

Granite, iron, the stone haven, the vessels and the people—everything is uttering in mighty tones a madly passionate hymn to Mercury. But the voices of the people, weak and overborne, are scarce audible therein. And the people themselves, to whom all this hubbub is primarily due, are ridiculous and pitiful. Their little figures—dusty, strenuous, wriggling into and out of sight, bent double beneath the burden of heavy goods lying on their shoulders, beneath the burden of the labour of dragging these loads hither and thither in clouds of dust, in a sea of heat and racket—are so tiny and insignificant in comparison with the iron colossi surrounding them, in comparison with the loads of goods, the rumbling wagons, and all the other things which these same little creatures have made ! Their own handiwork has subjugated and degraded them.

Standing by the quays, heavy giant steamships are now whistling, now hissing, now deeply snorting, and in every sound given forth by them there seems to be a note of ironical contempt for the grey, dusty little figures of the people crowding about on the decks and filling the deep holds with the products of their slavish labour. Laughable even to tears are the long strings of dockyard men, dragging after them tens of thou-sands of pounds of bread and pitching them into the iron bellies of the vessels in order to earn a few pounds of that very same bread for their own stomachs—people, unfortunately, not made of iron and feeling the pangs of hunger. These hustled, sweated crowds, stupefied by weariness and by the racket and heat, and these powerful machines, made by these selfsame people, basking, sleek and unruffled, in the sunshine—machines which, in the first instance, are set in motion not by steam, but by the muscles and blood of their makers—in such a juxtaposition there was a whole epic of cold and cruel irony.

The din is overwhelming, the dust irritates the nostrils and blinds the eyes, the heat burns and exhausts the body, and everything around—the buildings, the people, the stone quays—seems to be on the stretch, full-ripe, ready to burst, ready to lose all patience and explode in some grandiose catastrophe, like a volcano, and thus one feels that one would be able to breathe more easily and freely in the refreshened air. One feels that then a stillness would reign upon the earth, and this dusty din, benumbing and irritating the nerves to the verge of melancholy mania, would vanish, and in the town, and on the sea, and in the sky, everything would be calm, clear, and glorious. But it only seems so. One fancies it must be so, because man has not yet wearied of hoping for better things, and the wish to feel himself free has not altogether died away within him.

Twelve measured and sonorous strokes of a bell resound. When the last brazen note has died away the wild music of labour has already diminished by at least a half. Another minute and it has passed into a dull involuntary murmur. The voices of men and the splashing of the sea have now become more audible. The dinner-hour has come.

I

When the dock-hands, leaving off work, scatter along the haven in noisy groups, buying something to eat from the costermonger women and sitting down to their meal in the most shady corners of the macadamized quay, amidst them appears Greg Chelkash, that old wolf of the pastures, well known to the people of the haven as a confirmed toper and a bold and skilful thief. He is barefooted, in shabby old plush breeches, hatless, with a dirty cotton shirt with a torn collar, exposing his mobile, withered, knobbly legs in their cinnamon-brown case of skin. It is plain from his tousled black, grey-streaked hair and his keen wizened face that he has only just awoke. From one of his smutty moustaches a wisp of straw sticks out, the fellow to it has lost itself among the bristles of his recently shaved left cheek, and behind his ear he has stuck a tiny linden twig just plucked from the tree. Lanky, bony, and somewhat crooked, he slowly shambled along the stones, and, moving from side to side his hooked nose, which resembled the beak of a bird of prey, he cast around him sharp glances, twinkling at the same time his cold grey eyes as they searched for someone or other among the dockyard men. His dirty brown moustaches, long and thick, twitched just like a catrsquo;s whiskers, and his arms, folded behind his back, rubbed one against the other, while

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