附录A 外文文献
Has the time arrived to reset the age of eligibility for Social Security retirement benefits? When President Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act (SSA) in 1935 in the wake of the Great Depression, unemployment was 34 percent, savings accounts were decimated, and almost 50 percent of the older population was dependent on family and friends for financial support. There was reason to believe large segments of the population–particularly the elderly–were facing destitution.
To address this concern, the Committee on Economic Security was established by executive order in 1934. What we know today as Social Security began simply as a federally administered social insurance retirement program for older people, nominally financed through payroll taxes and paid for by workers and their employers. As the program was originally structured by the Social Security Act of 1935, people would earn benefits as they continued to work. If death occurred before age sixty-five, or before they received what they paid into the system even after retirement, their estate would receive the difference plus interest in the form of a one-time lump-sum payment. At the programrsquo;s inception, no benefits were provided to spouses or children.
Although Social Security was originally designed to protect a limited number of American workers against loss of earnings, President Roosevelt indicated from the start that the program was expected to grow and evolve with changing economic and demographic conditions. The first study published by the Office of the Actuary at the Social Security Board claimed that “when it is realized that too large a proportion of the population would probably be left idle with a retirement age of 65, the general feeling will undoubtedly be that a constant retirement age should be banished, or that it should be left as a balancing item.” A subsequent publication by Robert J. Myers, Chief Actuary and Deputy Commissioner of the SSA–from which we quote in our epigraph–made a more forceful statement about raising the Social Security Retirement age.
Social Security has evolved extensively since its inception. While the program is best known for providing financial assistance to retirees, amendments to the program also added life insurance, payments for spouses and dependents, and disability benefits for those who are unable to work but are not yet eligible by age for regular benefits. The first significant change to the program was introduced in 1939, when Congress passed amendments to change the financing of the program so that workers paid into Social Security incrementally as they worked, allowing for immediate payments of benefits without increasing Social Security tax rates. Coverage was also extended to dependents of retired workers or workers who died prematurely. In 1948, benefits to dependents, survivors, and those with severe and long-lasting disability were increased or extended and coverage was expanded considerably. In 1950, a revised schedule of gradual increases in tax rates for employers and employees was implemented to increase the likelihood that Social Security would remain self-supporting; coverage was also extended to several additional major categories of workers such as farmers and government workers.Legislation in 1954 and 1956 extended coverage to 90 percent of all workers, and coverage became nearly universal in the early 1960s. The eligibility age for Social Security was reduced from age 65 to age 62 for women in 1956 and for men in 1961, and automatic cost-of-living adjustments were authorized in 1972.10 Finally, in direct response to gains in life expectancy and improvements in health (increases in active and disability-free–or what we prefer to call “healthy”–life expectancy) since the program began, amendments approved in 1983 authorized gradual increases in the age of full eligibility for workers born after 1937, with provisions fully effective for all workers born after 1959.
These amendments gradually increased the age of eligibility for full Social Security benefits from 65 to 67 and lowered the benefits for those who choose to begin receiving them early (between 62 and the full retirement age). There have been no longevity- or health-related adjustments to the retirement age since 1983. It is also important to emphasize that, today, approximately 72 percent of new beneficiaries draw benefits before the full retirement age and 46 percent draw benefits at the earliest possible age of 62. Despite the programrsquo;s evolution, therefore, the question remains whether eligibility changes have kept pace with the substantial gains in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy that have occurred since the programrsquo;s inception and, indeed, since the last retirement-age adjustment in 1983.
The current debate about raising the age of first eligibility above 62 and the age of full-benefit eligibility above 67 has been driven by a combination of factors, including: financial stress placed on the solvency of the Social Security trust fund by a much larger number of beneficiaries than anticipated (in turn caused by an unexpected baby boom and larger-than-anticipated increases in life expectancy); a substantial proportion of beneficiaries who elect early benefits; political reluctance to increase payroll taxes; and a growing number of very long-living older people who depend fully or nearly so on Social Security (called “longevity risk”). Today, two-thirds of beneficiaries rely on Social Security for more than half of their total income, and 25 percent rely on it for over 90 percent of their total income.The shift toward retirees relying fully on the program for financial support was neither anticipated nor intended at the programrsquo;s inception.
附录B 文献翻译
有没有时间重新设定社会保障退休金的资格年龄？当罗斯福总统在大萧条之后于1935年签署“社会保障法”时，失业率为34％，储蓄账户减少，近50％的老年人口依赖家庭和朋友的财政支持。有理由相信，大部分人口，特别是老年人，面临
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附录A 外文文献
Has the time arrived to reset the age of eligibility for Social Security retirement benefits? When President Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act (SSA) in 1935 in the wake of the Great Depression, unemployment was 34 percent, savings accounts were decimated, and almost 50 percent of the older population was dependent on family and friends for financial support. There was reason to believe large segments of the population–particularly the elderly–were facing destitution.
To address this concern, the Committee on Economic Security was established by executive order in 1934. What we know today as Social Security began simply as a federally administered social insurance retirement program for older people, nominally financed through payroll taxes and paid for by workers and their employers. As the program was originally structured by the Social Security Act of 1935, people would earn benefits as they continued to work. If death occurred before age sixty-five, or before they received what they paid into the system even after retirement, their estate would receive the difference plus interest in the form of a one-time lump-sum payment. At the programrsquo;s inception, no benefits were provided to spouses or children.
Although Social Security was originally designed to protect a limited number of American workers against loss of earnings, President Roosevelt indicated from the start that the program was expected to grow and evolve with changing economic and demographic conditions. The first study published by the Office of the Actuary at the Social Security Board claimed that “when it is realized that too large a proportion of the population would probably be left idle with a retirement age of 65, the general feeling will undoubtedly be that a constant retirement age should be banished, or that it should be left as a balancing item.” A subsequent publication by Robert J. Myers, Chief Actuary and Deputy Commissioner of the SSA–from which we quote in our epigraph–made a more forceful statement about raising the Social Security Retirement age.
Social Security has evolved extensively since its inception. While the program is best known for providing financial assistance to retirees, amendments to the program also added life insurance, payments for spouses and dependents, and disability benefits for those who are unable to work but are not yet eligible by age for regular benefits. The first significant change to the program was introduced in 1939, when Congress passed amendments to change the financing of the program so that workers paid into Social Security incrementally as they worked, allowing for immediate payments of benefits without increasing Social Security tax rates. Coverage was also extended to dependents of retired workers or workers who died prematurely. In 1948, benefits to dependents, survivors, and those with severe and long-lasting disability were increased or extended and coverage was expanded considerably. In 1950, a revised schedule of gradual increases in tax rates for employers and employees was implemented to increase the likelihood that Social Security would remain self-supporting; coverage was also extended to several additional major categories of workers such as farmers and government workers.Legislation in 1954 and 1956 extended coverage to 90 percent of all workers, and coverage became nearly universal in the early 1960s. The eligibility age for Social Security was reduced from age 65 to age 62 for women in 1956 and for men in 1961, and automatic cost-of-living adjustments were authorized in 1972.10 Finally, in direct response to gains in life expectancy and improvements in health (increases in active and disability-free–or what we prefer to call “healthy”–life expectancy) since the program began, amendments approved in 1983 authorized gradual increases in the age of full eligibility for workers born after 1937, with provisions fully effective for all workers born after 1959.
These amendments gradually increased the age of eligibility for full Social Security benefits from 65 to 67 and lowered the benefits for those who choose to begin receiving them early (between 62 and the full retirement age). There have been no longevity- or health-related adjustments to the retirement age since 1983. It is also important to emphasize that, today, approximately 72 percent of new beneficiaries draw benefits before the full retirement age and 46 percent draw benefits at the earliest possible age of 62. Despite the programrsquo;s evolution, therefore, the question remains whether eligibility changes have kept pace with the substantial gains in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy that have occurred since the programrsquo;s inception and, indeed, since the last retirement-age adjustment in 1983.
The current debate about raising the age of first eligibility above 62 and the age of full-benefit eligibility above 67 has been driven by a combination of factors, including: financial stress placed on the solvency of the Social Security trust fund by a much larger number of beneficiaries than anticipated (in turn caused by an unexpected baby boom and larger-than-anticipated increases in life expectancy); a substantial proportion of beneficiaries who elect early benefits; political reluctance to increase payroll taxes; and a growing number of very long-living older people who depend fully or nearly so on Social Security (called “longevity risk”). Today, two-thirds of beneficiaries rely on Social Security for more than half of their total income, and 25 percent rely on it for over 90 percent of their total income.The shift toward retirees relying fully on the program for financial support was neither anticipated nor intended at the programrsquo;s inception.
附录B 文献翻译
有没有时间重新设定社会保障退休金的资格年龄？当罗斯福总统在大萧条之后于1935年签署“社会保障法”时，失业率为34％，储蓄账户减少，近50％的老年人口依赖家庭和朋友的财政支持。有理由相信，大部分人口，特别是老年人，面临
剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料
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